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A Level Biology Revision > PE AS- Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

PE AS- Cardiovascular System Flashcards

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1
Q

Name all chambers of the heart?

A

Left atrium, left ventricle, right atrium, right ventricle.

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2
Q

Name all valves of the heart?

A

Tricuspid valve- between right atrium and right ventricle.
Bicuspid- between left atrium and left ventricle.
Semi-lunar- pulmonary artery and aorta

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3
Q

What does myogenic mean?

A

Heart can generate its own impulses.

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4
Q

What is the SA node and what is its role?

A

Sinoatrial node located in wall of right atrium, small mass of cardiac muscle, generates electrical impulse.

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5
Q

What is the AV node and what is its role?

A

A node that relays impulse from SA node between upper and lower sections of the heart.

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6
Q

What is the bundle of His?

A

Collection of heart muscle cells, transmits electrical impulse from AVN via bundle branches to ventricles.

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7
Q

What are purkinje fibres?

A

Muscle fibres that conduct impulses in walls of ventricles.

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8
Q

Name the process of events in one cardiac conduction cycle?

A 
Sally                     SA node
Always.               Atrial systole
Aims.                   AV node
Balls.                   Bundle of His
Past.                    Purkinje fibres
Vicky.                  Ventricular systole
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9
Q

What is the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Part of autonomic nervous system, speeds up heart rate.

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10
Q

What is the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Part of autonomic nervous system, decreases heart rate.

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11
Q

What is the medulla oblongata?

A

Part of brain that regulates breathing and heart rate.

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12
Q

What 2 parts make up the nervous system?

A

CNS- brain and spinal cord.

Peripheral nervous system- nerve cells that transmit information.

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13
Q

What are chemoreceptors?

A

Tiny structures in aortic arch, detect changes in blood pH, caused by increase of decrease in CO2 concentration.

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14
Q

What is the affect of increased CO2 blood levels on chemoreceptors?

A

Heart rate increases.

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15
Q

What are baroreceptors?

A

Special sensors in aortic arch, respond to changes in blood pressure and will increase or decrease heart rate.

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16
Q

What is the effect of an increase in blood pressure on baroreceptors?

A

Decrease in heart rate.

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17
Q

What are proprioceptors?

A

Sensory nerve endings in tendons, detect changes in muscle movements.

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18
Q

What is the effect of increase muscle movement on proprioceptors?

A

Increase in heart rate.

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19
Q

What is the order of events for a signal being sent from a proprioceptor?

A

Proprioceptor, impulse to medulla, impulse through sympathetic nervous system, to SA node.

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20
Q

What is adrenaline?

A

Stress hormone, released by sympathetic nerves, causes an increase in heart rate.

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21
Q

What does adrenaline do to heart rate?

A

Stimulates SA node, causes an increase in speed of heart contractions, increases cardiac output.

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22
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

Volume of blood pumped out heart ventricles in each contraction.

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23
Q

What is a diastole phase?

A

Heart relaxes to fill with blood.

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24
Q

What is ejection fraction?

A

Percentage of blood pumped out left ventricle per beat.

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25
Q

What is venous return?

A

Volume of blood being returned to heart via the vena cava

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26
Q

What factors effect stroke volume?

A

Venous return, elasticity of cardiac fibres, the contractility of cardiac tissue.

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27
Q

What is starling’s law?

A

Increased venous return-greater diastolic filling of heart-cardiac muscle stretched-more force of contraction=increased ejection fraction.

28
Q

What is heart rate?

A

Number of times the heart beats per minute.

29
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

Volume of blood pumped out heart ventricles per minute.

30
Q

What is the equation for cardiac output?

A

Cardiac output (Q)=Stroke volume (SV) X Heart rate (HR)

31
Q

What is cardiac hypertrophy?

A

Thickening of muscular walls of heart, bigger and stronger, larger ventricular cavity.

32
Q

What is the effect of exercise on heart rate?

A

Increases but increase corresponds with intensity of exercise.

33
Q

What is bradycardia?

A

Resting heart rate below 60bpm

34
Q

What is the effect of exercise on cardiac output?

A

Large increase to supply fresh blood to muscles.

35
Q

What is the effect of exercise on stroke volume?

A

Stroke volume increases, however SV does plateau above 40-60% of maximum effort as there is less time for ventricular diastole meaning less blood pumped out.

36
Q

What are the coronary arteries?

A

Arteries that supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood.

37
Q

What is coronary heart disease?

A

Occurs when coronary arteries become blocked or start to narrow from build-up of fatty deposits.

38
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

When arteries harden and narrow as they become clogged by fatty deposits.

39
Q

What is atheroma?

A

Fatty deposits found in arteries.

40
Q

What is angina?

A

Chest pain associated with coronary heart disease.

41
Q

What is high blood pressure?

A

Force exerted by blood against blood vessel wall.

42
Q

What are the effect of high blood pressure?

A

Puts extra strain on heart and increases risk of heart attack and stroke.

43
Q

What are the two main forms of cholesterol?

A

HDL and LDL

44
Q

What is the role of the vena cava?

A

Brings deoxygenated blood to right atrium.

44
Q

What is the role of the pulmonary vein?

A

Brings oxygenated blood back to left atrium from lungs.

45
Q

What is the role of the pulmonary artery?

A

Leaves right ventricle with deoxygenated blood to go to lungs.

46
Q

What is the role of the aorta?

A

Leaves left ventricle with oxygenated blood for the body.

47
Q

What is LDL cholesterol?

A

Low density lipoproteins that transport cholesterol in blood back to the tissues. Increase risk of heart disease.

48
Q

What is HDL cholesterol?

A

High density lipoproteins that transport cholesterol in blood back to liver where it can be broken down, decrease risk of heart disease.

49
Q

What is a stroke?

A

When the blood supply to the brain is cut off

50
Q

What are the two main types of stoke?

A

Ischaemic and haemorrhagic

51
Q

What is an ischaemic stroke?

A

When a blood clot stops the blood supply to the brain

52
Q

What is a haemorrhagic stroke?

A

When a weakened blood vessel burst on the brain

53
Q

What does steady state mean?

A

When the athlete is able to meet the oxygen demand with the oxygen supply.

54
Q

What is cardiovascular drift?

A

Decrease in stroke volume, increase in heart rate, reduced venous return, increase in cardiac output, occurs after exercise.

55
Q

What are the two types of circulation in the body?

A

Pulmonary and systemic.

56
Q

What is pulmonary circulation?

A

Deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs and oxygenated blood back to heart.

57
Q

What is systemic circulation?

A

Oxygenated blood to the body from the heart and deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart.

58
Q

What are three characteristics of a vein?

A

Thinner elastic tissue layers, wider lumen, valves

59
Q

What are three characteristics of arteries?

A

Larger elastic layer, high pressure, a small lumen

60
Q

What are three mechanisms that increase venous return?

A

Skeletal muscle pump, respiratory pump, pocket valves

61
Q

What is the skeletal muscle pump and how does it aid venous return?

A

When muscles contract and relax they change shape, change in shape means they press on nearby veins squeezing the blood towards the heart.

62
Q

What is the respiratory pump and how does it aid venous return?

A

Breathing in and out changes the pressure in thoracic and abdominal cavities, pressure changes compress nearby veins, more blood return.

63
Q

What are pocket valves and how do they aid venous return?

A

Flaps that close or open, prevent back-flow of blood ensuring maintained pressure gradient of venous return to heart.

64
Q

What is the impact of blood pressure on venous return?

A

Wh systolic blood pressure increases so does venous return.

65
Q

What is plasma?

A

Fluid part of blood, surround blood cells and transports them.

66
Q

What is haemoglobin?

A

Iron-containing pigment found in red blood cells, combines with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin.

A Level Biology Revision (10 decks)

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