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PE > PE 1.1, > Flashcards

PE 1.1, Flashcards

1
Q

Name 3 planes of movement

A

frontal, sagital, transverse

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2
Q

process of muscle skeletal contraction

A

motor neurons initiate the nerve impulse,
nerve impulse is conducted down the axon,
if muscle fibre is above threshold the muscle will contact,
all or nothing rule,

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3
Q

What is adduction and abduction

A

Abduction - limbs are moved away from the body midline
adduction - limbs are brought back to the midline

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4
Q

Name 3 muscle fibre types

A

SO, FOG, FG

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5
Q

Explain the conduction system

A

SA Node generates electrical impulse,
AV node collects impulse and delays by 0.1 seconds,
Bundle of his separates the impulse into 2,
Pujunke fibres distribute the impulse into the ventricles

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6
Q

Describe distatole (relaxation)

A

due to the ventricles and the atria relaxing means lower blood pressure,
AV valves are open

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7
Q

Describe Systole (contraction)

A

Atrial; atria contacts forcing the blood into the ventricles.
Ventricles; ventricles contact, AV valves close and force the blood out of the heart

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8
Q

Resting values for HR, CO, SV, at rest (untrained)

A

HR; 72
CO; 70ml
SV; 5l

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9
Q

maximal values for HR,CO,SV untrained

A

HR;220-age
CO;100-120ml
SV;20-30l

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10
Q

resting vales for HR,CO,SV trained

A

HR;50
SV;100
CO;5l

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11
Q

maximal values for HR,SV,CO trained

A

HR;220-age
SV;160-200
CO;30-40l

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12
Q

role of proprioceptors

A

tell the body if it has started movement or stopped movement

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13
Q

role of chemoreceptors

A

detect a decrease in PH due to an increase in LA

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14
Q

role of baroreceptors

A

detect an increase of BP,

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15
Q

affect of temp on the heart

A

affect blood viscosity, increase the speed of nerve impulse

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16
Q

role of adrenaline on the heart

A

increase SV and HR

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17
Q

Describe venous return

A

smooth muscle walls,
muscular pump,
pocket valves,
respiratory pump,
gravity

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18
Q

Describe vascular shunt mechanisms

A

vasoconsticts bloods vessels to the non vital organs and vasodilatos the blood vessels to the working muscles

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19
Q

Resting values of BR,TV,MV untrained

A

BR; 12-15
TV; 500ml
MV;6l

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20
Q

Resting values for BR, TV, MV trained

A

BR;11-12
TV;500ml
MV;6l/min

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21
Q

Maximal values for BR,TV,MV

A

BR;40
TV;3l
MV;100l/min

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22
Q

Maximal values for BR,TV,MV (trained)

A

BR;50
TV;3l
MV;160l/min

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23
Q

Mechanics of breathing of inspiration at rest

A

Active process
external intercostal muscles contract forcing the chest up and out.
the diaphragm contracts and flattens which increases the size of the lungs

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24
Q

Mechanics of breathing of expiration at rest and what process is it?

A

Passive process
external intercostal muscles relax so the chest walls move in and down
diaphram contractes and buldges up reducing size of the chest

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25
Q

Mechanics of breathing of inspiration during exercise

A

Active process
Sternoclastamoid and Pectoralis minor get recruited to help lift the ribs out more.
increases the volume of the chest
thoracic cavity increases which creates a larger concentration gradient between inside the lungs and outside the body

26
Q

Mechanics of breathing of expiration during exercise

A

Active process
internal intercostal muscles contract and bring the ins back in the rectus abdominals also contracts causing the diaphragm up.
this decreases the volume of thoracic cavity increases pressure in the lungs, therefore air is forced out of the lungs due the large concentration gradient

27
Q

role of thermoreceptors

A

Detect a change in blood temperature

28
Q

explain internal respiration at rest

A

O2 moves from high PP in the alveoli to low PP in the capillaries DTDG
CO2 moves from high partial pressure in the capillaries to low partial pressure in the alveoli.
DTDG

29
Q

explain external respiration at rest

A

O2 moves from high PP in the capillaries to low PP on the working muscles DTDG
CO2 moves from high PP in working muscles to low PP to low PP in the capilaries

30
Q

explain external respiration during exercise

A

The O2 diffusion gradient steepens, going from a higher PP in alveoli to lower PP in the capillaries
CO2 diffusion gradient also stipends, going from higher PP in the capilaries to Lower PP in the alveoli.

31
Q

Explain internal respiration during exercise

A

O2 goes from higher PP in the capilaries to lower PP in the working muscles.
CO2 goes from Higher PP in the working muscles to Lower PP in the capilaries

32
Q

Define the term dissociation

A

oxygen unloading from haemaglobin

33
Q

describe bohr shift

A

upward shift to the right due to increased acidity in the blood stream

34
Q

describe The effect of Bohr shift

A

increase in muscle and blood temperature
increase of PP in CO2
increase in production of LA and the PH lowers

35
Q

Name 3 energy systems

A

ATP-PC
Glycolytic
aerobic

36
Q

type of reaction for the Ek systems

A

ATP-PC - anaerobic
Glycolytic - anaerobic
Aerobic - aerobic

37
Q

Chemical/fuel used for
ATP, GLY, AER

A

ATP- Phosphocreatine
GLY - glucose
Aer - Glycogen

38
Q

Site of reaction for
ATP,GLY,AER

A

ATP + GLY = sarcoplasm
AER - Stage 1 - scarcoplasm
Stage 2 - Kreb cycle
Stage 3 - Cristae

39
Q

Describe the Kreb cycle

A

1:1 yield
CO2 is released
Site of matrix is mitochondria

40
Q

describe the electron transport chain

A

34 ATP is released
H2O is a by product

41
Q

what is the coupled reaction

A

ATP -> ADP + P + energy
ADP + P + energy = ATP

42
Q

By products for the EK systems

A

ATP - none
GLY - LA
AER - CO2 + H2O

43
Q

Strengths of the ATP-PC system

A

No delay for O2
PC is readily available
Simple and rapid breakdown

44
Q

Weaknesses of the ATP-PC system

A

Low ATP yield, so starts to fatigue after 10 seconds

45
Q

Strengths for the Glycolytic system

A

No delay for O2,
large fuels in the liver and muscles
LA can be recycled into further ek production

46
Q

Weaknesses for the Glycolytic system

A

Fatiguing by product (LA)
relatively low ATP yield

47
Q

Strengths for the aerobic system

A

High ATP yield
no fatiguing by products

48
Q

Weaknesses of the aerobic system

A

Delay for the delivery for O2

49
Q

Define EPOC

A

the volume of O2 needed to return the body to its pre composite state

50
Q

what’s happens in the first stage of the recovery process

A

Phosphocreatine stores are replenished
replenishment of blood and O2 and muscle O2

51
Q

what happens in the second stage of the recovery process

A

Elevated ventilation and circulation
elevated body temp
removal of LA

52
Q

400m sprint vs jog why does it take longer for the sprinter to recover

A

Due to high intensity anaerobic work there is an increased build up of LA and a larger O2 debt

53
Q

describe the Acclimatisation guidelines

A

3-5 days - low altitude performance (1000-2000)
1-2 weeks for moderate altitude 2000-3000
2+ weeks for 3000m+
4+ weeks for extreme 5000m+

54
Q

Acclimatisation benefits

A

increase the red blood cell production
BR and MV stabilise
SV and CO decrease as the use of O2 becomes more efficient

55
Q

what is Hyperthermia caused by?

A

high and prolonged exercise intensities
high air temp
high relative humidity

56
Q

What is cardiovascular drift

A

when the temp increases by 1 degrees then the HR will increase by 10bpm

57
Q

what are the effects of heat and humidity on the cardiovascular system

A

dilation of atrioles and capillaries to the skin, which increases the blood flow to the muscles.
Decreased blood volume, venous return, SV and CO, which causes increase HR, increased strain of cardiovascular system

58
Q

what are the effects of heat and humidity on the respiratory system

A

Dehydration and drying of the airways due to when the temperature is above 32 degrees breathing becomes difficult, which causes increased mucus production, constriction of the airways,
increased breathing frequency, which causes an increase oxygen cost.
High levels of sunlight increases pollutants, which causes increased irritation of the airways.

59
Q

what are the pre composite strategies to maximise performance in heat and humidity

A

7-14 days of acclimatisation to increase tolerance to the heat
use cooling aids such as ice vests to reduce core body temp

60
Q

what are the during competition strategies to maximise performance in the heat and humidity

A

wear suitable clothing
rehydration

61
Q

what are the post competition strategies to maximise performance in the heat and humidity

A

use cooling aids such as ice baths
rehydrate the body using isotonic drinks

PE (7 decks)

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