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PE > paper 2 > Flashcards

paper 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Atkinson and Shriffen stages of memory

A

STSS
STM
LTM

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2
Q

draw the A+S memory model

A

STSS
attention
STM
rehearsal
LTM
retrieval
STM

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3
Q

STSS capacity and duration

A

unlimited
<1 second

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4
Q

what is selective attention

A

when relative information is filtered through to the STM or it is forgotten

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5
Q

STM capacity and duration

A

5-9
<1 minute

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6
Q

LTM capacity and duration

A

unlimited
unlimited

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7
Q

2 advantages of A+S memory model

A

simplified the memory process
explains why those with brain injuries have trouble remembering stuff

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8
Q

2 disadvantages of the A+S memory model

A

maybe its too simplified
doesn’t prove the distinction between STM and LTM

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9
Q

draw the Craik and Lockhart memory model

A

shallow - structural and phonetic
deep - semantic

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10
Q

what is the structural level, phonetic level and semantic level of processing

A

structural - what the info looks like
phonetic - what the info sounds like
semantic - what the info actually means

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11
Q

2 advantages of the C+L memory model

A

explains the more we understand about something the more likely we are to remember it
explains the longer we think about info the more we remember it

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12
Q

2 disadvantages of the C+L memory model

A

the longer we think about something doesn’t mean the better we will recall it
it is difficult to know what deep processing involves

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13
Q

define the term personality

A

it is the psychological makeup of a performer

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14
Q

name 3 type a characteristics

A

highly motivated
high drive to succeed
works fast

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15
Q

name 3 type b characteristics

A

non competitive
unambitious
works slowly

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16
Q

what is a stable personality trait

A

someone who does not swing from one emotion to another quickly

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17
Q

what is an unstable personality type

A

someone who swings from one emotion to another quickly

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18
Q

name 2 characteristics of an extrovert

A

seeks Social situations
lacks concentration

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19
Q

name 2 characteristics of an introvert

A

someone who does not seek social situations
good at concentrating

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20
Q

what is the social learning theory

A

when our characteristics are learnt throughout and not born with

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21
Q

what is the interactionist approach

A

takes both personality and SLT into account
gives a more realistic explanation of personality

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22
Q

what is meant by attitude

A

it is the recomposition to act in a specific way towards someone or something

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23
Q

3 ways positive attitudes are formed by

A

belief in the sport
enjoyable experiences in sport
being good at sport
being excited by the challenge

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24
Q

3 ways that negative attitudes are formed by

A

not believing in the sport
not having good experiences in the sport
not good at the sport

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25
Q

2 methods of changing attitudes

A

cognitive dissonance
persuasive communication

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26
Q

what is cognitive dissonance

A

when the coach explains how the certain drill will benefit the person as a player

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27
Q

factors affecting persuasive communication

A

the persuader has got to be someone whom the person recpect
the message has got to be clear and has to be good quality

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28
Q

define motivation

A

it is the physiological drive to succeed

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29
Q

2 types of motivation

A

internal/external

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30
Q

define internal motivation

A

drive from within - wanting to achieve for its own sake

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31
Q

define external motivation

A

come from outside - trophy or rewards

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32
Q

2 types of arousal

A

cognitive - physiological state of the body
semantic - psychological state of the body

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33
Q

3 theories of arousal

A

drive
inverted U
catastrophe

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34
Q

3 key points for the drive theory of arousal

A

the quality of the performance all depends on how well the skill has been leant
motor programmes that have already been leant are the dominant response
increase in arousal = increase in performance

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35
Q

how can under arousal affect performance

A

difficult to focus
concentration is lost
info overload may prevent decision making

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36
Q

how does being at optimum arousal affect performance

A

attentional field is ideal
performer can concentrate fully
have accurate decision making

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37
Q

how does over arousal affect performance

A

causes attention field to narrow
performer could be in a state of panic
concentration is seriously impeded

38
Q

possible symptoms of somantic anxiety

A

increased BP
sweating
adrenaline boosts
muscle tension

39
Q

possible symptoms of cognitive anxiety

A

indecision
confusion
negative thoughts

40
Q

a performer will be in the optimal zone of functioning if they are:

A

relaxed
confident
completely focussed
have fun
in control

41
Q

what is aggression

A

it is the intent to harm another player outside the rules of the game

42
Q

explain the instinct theory of aggression

A

is that it is a natural response
animalistic
humans developed it as a survival instinct

43
Q

what is the frustration - aggression hypothesis

A

the theory that frustration will always lead to aggression
any blocking of goals will just increase drive therefore aggression
if success follow the aggression leads to carrhesis

44
Q

what is the aggression cue hypothesis

A

for aggression to occur then a certain stimuli must be present
frustration causes anger and arousal which causes a readiness aggression

45
Q

what is social facilitation

A

it is the positive effect of a crowd on performance

46
Q

what is social inhibition

A

it is the negative effect of the crowd on the performance

47
Q

3 stratagies to minimise social inhabition

A

imagery to shut out crowd
relaxation techniques
train with an audience present

48
Q

3 effects of social facilitation or social inhibition on performance

A

crowds = type a perform worse with crowds than type b; extroverts perform better than introverts
skill level = beginners will be worse than experts due to dominant response is right
previous experience = increase experience = better performance than people with no experience
nature of the crowd could be hostile

49
Q

3 characteristics of the forming phase of team formation

A

high dependance for strong leader
group member get to know each other
individual roles are unclear
first training sessions

50
Q

3 characteristics of the storming phase of team formation

A

team members establish themselves
group decisions are difficult
focus Is clearer
first game

51
Q

3 characteristics of the norming phase of team formation

A

roles and responsibilities are accepted
team members get along well
pre season

52
Q

3 characteristics of the performing phase of team formation

A

focus is on achieving goals
more strategies
clear visions
competition during the season

53
Q

define a group

A

where 2 or more performers share a common goal and communicate

54
Q

2 factors affecting faulty process are?

A

co-ordination
motivation

55
Q

3 strategies to reduce social loafing

A

highlight players performance
support from others in the team
give a goal to the individuals
peer pressure from others to play well

56
Q

advantages of goal setting

A

increases motivation
decrease arousal and anxiety
if done well can increase the confidence
it will increase the effort

57
Q

define SMART

A

specific
measurable
achievable
realistic
time bound

58
Q

weiners model is made up of 4 quadrants what are they?

A

Ability (internal/stable)
effort (internal/unstable)
task difficulty (external/stable)
Luck(external/unstable)

59
Q

what is learned helplessness?

A

it is the belief that failure is inevitable
some low achievers got unlucky which caused them to be helpless

60
Q

what is mastery orientation?

A

that an individual will be motivated by becoming a master at what they do.

61
Q

attribution retaining is?

A

when you come close, next time try harder and you could win

62
Q

define self esteem

A

the feeling of self worth

63
Q

Vealys model of sports confidence what is the sporting context

A

it is the situation you are in

64
Q

Vealys model what is SC trait

A

everyone has an exciting level of sports confidence

65
Q

Vealys model what is competitive orientation

A

everyone has an exciting level of competitiveness

66
Q

Vealys model what is SC trait

A

that confidence can be shown in a specific situation

67
Q

Vealys model what is behavioural response

A

response to the situation given

68
Q

Vealys model what is subjective outcome

A

emotion felt after the behavioural response

69
Q

define self efficacy

A

the confidence we have in certain scenarios

70
Q

Banduras model what is performance accomplishments

A

reminder of previous success

71
Q

Banduras model what is vicarious experience

A

watching others perform the skill

72
Q

Banduras model what is verbal persuasion

A

convincing the athlete of their ability to perform the skill

73
Q

Banduras model what is the emotional arousal

A

evaluation the performer makes of a physiological state

74
Q

characteristics of effective leaders

A

highly motivated
clear goals and visions
good communication
charisma
knowledge of the sport

75
Q

what is an emergent leader

A

a leader that comes from within - helps to inspire

76
Q

what is a prescribed leader

A

it is a leader who is given to the team

77
Q

3 leadership types for PE

A

autocratic
laizzez faire
democratic

78
Q

what is an autocratic leader
when are they used

A

task orientated leader, makes all the decisions
when sport is dangerous
if it is a hostile group

79
Q

what is a democratic leader
when are they used

A

person orientated leader- takes into perceptive of the team
when group wants to make decisions
when situation is not dangerous

80
Q

what is a laizzez fair leader?
when are they used

A

provides little to no support
high level athletes
leader is incompetent
when leader can fully trust the members capabilities

81
Q

3 theories of leadership

A

trait theory
social learning
interactionist

82
Q

trait theory of leadership

A

is that they are born leaders
leaders are not born they are made

83
Q

in Chelladuris model explain the situational characteristics

A

environmental conditions - is the sports dangerous etc?

84
Q

in Chelladuris model explain the leaders characteristics

A

personality of the leader - could have a preferred leadership type

85
Q

in chelladuris model explain the members characteristics

A

what are the demographics of the group

86
Q

in chelladurris model explain the required behaviour

A

what style of leadership is needed for this specific excersise

87
Q

in chelladuris model explain the actual behaviour

A

what does the leader actually choose to do based of the members characteristics and the situational characteristics

88
Q

in chelladuris model explain the preferred behaviour

A

what leadership style to do and which ones the best for the group and best for the situation that they are in

89
Q

chelladuris model what happens if they all match up

A

performance and morale increases

90
Q

3 causes of stress

A

competition
conflict
frustration

91
Q

3 cognitive stress management techniques

A

mental rehearsal
positive thinking
goal setting
mindfulness
imagery

92
Q

3 semantic stress management techniques

A

centering
PMR
control breathing

PE (7 decks)

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