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PCOL MIDTERM 4 Flashcards

1
Q

System of ductless glands that secrete hormones

A

Endocrine system

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2
Q

Hormones are

A

“messenger molecules”

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3
Q

Endocrine system characterization

A
  • Circulate in the blood
  • Act on distant target cells
  • Target cells respond to the hormones for which they have receptors
  • The effects are dependent on the programmed response of the target cells
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4
Q

Hormones are just

A

Molecular triggers

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5
Q

2 Types of Endocrine Organs

A
  • Purely Endocrine Organs
  • Endocrine Cells in other organs
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6
Q

What Organs are Purely Endocrine

A
  • Pituitary gland
  • Pineal gland
  • Thyroid gland
  • Parathyroid glands
  • Adrenal: 2 glands
    • Cortex
    • Medulla
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7
Q

Endocrine cells in other organs

A
  • Pancreas
  • Thymus
  • Gonads
  • Hypothalamus
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8
Q

The control of metabolism, growth, and reproduction is mediated by a combination of neural and endocrine systems located in the hypothalamus and pituitary gland.

A

Hypothalamic- pituitary endocrine system

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9
Q

Mechanism of Hormone release

A

(a) Humoral
(b) Neural
(c) Hormonal

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10
Q

In response to changing levels of ions or nutrients in the blood

A

Humoral

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11
Q

Stimulation by nerves

A

Neural

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12
Q

Stimulation received from other hormones

A

Hormonal

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13
Q

It is the master endocrine organ

A

Hypothalamus

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14
Q

It is the master endocrine organ

A

Hypothalamus

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15
Q

It secretes releasing / inhibiting hormones

A

Hypothalamus

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16
Q

Pituitary gland consist of

A
  • Anterior lobe
  • Posterior lobe.
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17
Q

Connected to hypothalamus by a stalk of neurosecretory fibers and blood vessels, including a portal venous system that drains the hypothalamus and perfuses the anterior pituitary.

A

Pituitary gland

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18
Q

The posterior lobe hormones are synthesized in the _______ and transported via the _______in the stalk of the pituitary to the posterior lobe, from which they are released into the circulation.

A

(1) Hypothalamus
(2) Neurosecretory fibers

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19
Q

Sits in hypophyseal fossa: depression in sella turcica of sphenoid bone

A

Pituitary gland

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19
Q

What are the Divisions of Pituitary Gland

A
  • Anterior Pituitary
  • Posterior Pituitary
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20
Q

Pituitary secretes, how many hormones?

A

9

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21
Q

Anterior pituitary aka

A

Adenohypophysis

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22
Q

Posterior pituitary aka

A

Neurohypophysis

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23
Q

What are the hormones in Anterior pituitary

A
  1. TSH
  2. ACTH
  3. FSH
  4. LH
  5. GH
  6. PRL
  7. MSH
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24
Full name of the ff: 1. TSH 2. ACTH 3. FSH 4. LH 5. GH 6. PRL 7. MSH
1. (TSH) Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone or Thyrotropin 2. (ACTH) Adrenocorticotropin 3. (FSH) Follicle-Stimulating Hormone 4. (LH) Luteinizing Hormone 5. (GH) Growth hormone 6. (PRL) Prolactin or (LTH) Luteotropic hormone 7. (MSH) Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone
25
What are the hormones in Posterior pituitary
8. ADH (antidiuretic hormone), or vasopressin 9. Oxytocin
26
Drugs that mimic or block the effects of hypothalamic and pituitary hormones have pharmacologic applications in three primary areas
Hormonal Agents
27
Drugs that mimic or block the effects of hypothalamic and pituitary hormones have pharmacologic applications in 3 primary areas:
1. As replacement therapy for hormone deficiency states 2. As antagonists for diseases caused by excess production of pituitary hormones 3. As diagnostic tools for identifying several endocrine abnormalities.
28
GH Hypothalamic Hormone
Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) (+) Somatostatin (-)
29
TSH Hypothalamic Hormone
Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) (+)
30
GH Target Organs
- Liver - Bone - Muscle - Kidney
31
GH Primary Target Organ Hormone or Mediator
Insulin-like growth factor - I (IGF-1)
32
TSH Target Organ
Thyroid
33
TH Primary Target Organ Hormone or Mediator
- Thyroxine - Triiodothyronine
34
ACTH Hypothalamic Hormone
Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) (+)
35
ACTH Target Organ
Adrenal cortex
36
ACTH Primary Target Organ Hormone or Mediator
Cortisol
37
FSH and LH Hypothalamic Hormone
Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) (+)
38
FSH and LH Target Organ
Gonads
39
FSH and LH Primary Target Organ Hormone and Mediator
- Estrogen - Progesterone, - Testosterone
40
PRL Hypothalamic Hormone
Dopamine (-)
41
PRL Target Organ
Breast
42
PRL Primary Target Organ Hormone and Mediator
None
43
Required during childhood and adolescence
Growth Hormones
44
Contaminated prions can cause
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
45
_______ was isolated from the pituitaries of human cadavers.
Medicinal GH
46
Recombinant form of GH
Somatropin
47
Equivalent drug of GH
Somatrem
48
can have a genetic basis, can be acquired as a result of damage to the pituitary or hypothalamus.
GH Deficiency
49
An autosomal dominant genetic disease associated with growth failure, obesity, and carbohydrate intolerance.
Prader-Willi Syndrome
50
(45 X karyotype and variants)
Turner syndrome
51
ISS stands for
Idiopathic short stature
52
Use by athletes for a purported increase in muscle mass and athletic performance.
Growth Hormones
53
Why athletes use GH for
To increase in muscle mass and athletic performance
54
What are the toxicity of GH
1. Progression of scoliosis 2. Edema 3. Hyperglycemia 4. Increased risk of otitis media
55
What are the drugs of IGF-1 Analog
- Mecasermin - Mecasermin rinfabate
56
Mecasermin and Mecasermin rinfabate Clinical Use
Treatment of severe IGF-I deficiency that is not responsive to GH
57
Adverse Effects of Mecasermin and Mecasermin rinfabate
Hypoglycemia by consumption of a snack or meal shortly before mecasermin administration
58
What are the Excessive Growth Hormone
Acromegaly and Gigantism
59
Acromegaly characteristic
- Excess of GH while the epiphyseal plates are close - Unproportional features like hands and feet
60
Gigantism characteristic
- Excess of GH while the epiphyseal plates are open - Proportional features like hands and feet
61
Treatment for Excessive GH
1. Somatostatin analogs 2. Dopamine receptor agonists, which reduce the production of GH 3. Pegvisomant - GH receptor antagonist
62
Somatostatin Mechanism Of Action
Inhibits the release of GH, TSH, glucagon, insulin, and gastrin.
63
Somatostatin Adverse Effects
Hyperglycemia
64
Octreotide and Lanreotide Adverse Effects
- Nausea - Vomiting - Abdominal cramps - Flatulence - Steatorrhea - Vitamin B12 deficiency
65
Pegvisomant Mechanism of Action
GH receptor antagonist
66
Pegvisomant Adverse Effect
None
67
These hormones serve complementary functions in the reproductive process.
Gonadotropins
68
What hormones are considered gonadotropins?
FSH and LH
69
FSH Effects in Men
✓ Primary regulator of spermatogenesis ✓ Stimulates the conversion of testosterone to estrogen.
70
FSH Effects in Women
✓ Ovarian follicle development ✓ In the ovary- stimulates the conversion of androgens to estrogens
71
LH Effects in Men
Main stimulus for testosterone synthesis
72
LH Effects in Women
✓ In the ovary – stimulates androgen production ✓ Estrogen and progesterone production
73
If pregnancy occurs, estrogen and progesterone production is under the control of?
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG).
74
What are the Gonadotropin Analog
- Menotropins - FSH Analog - LH Analog - hCG
75
Recombinant form of hCG approved for the treatment of prepubertal cryptorchidism
Choriogonadotropin alfa
76
Produced by the human placenta and excreted into the urine
hCG
77
Recombinant form of human LH
Lutropin alfa
78
Human menopausal gonadotropins (hMG)
Menotropin
79
Extracted from the urine of postmenopausal women
Menotropin
80
Purified extract of FSH and LH
Menotropin
81
Purified preparation of human FSH extracted from the urine of postmenopausal women
Urofollitropin
82
Recombinant forms of FSH
a. Follitropin alfa b. Follitropin beta
83
Gonadotropin Analog Clinical Uses
Used in states of infertility
84
Gonadotropin Analog Clinical Uses in Men
Stimulate spermatogenesis
85
Gonadotropin Analog Clinical Uses in Men
Induce ovulation
86
Gonadotropin Analog Toxicity
- Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome - Ovarian enlargement - Multiple pregnancies
87
Secreted by neurons in the hypothalamus
GnRH Analog
88
Acetate salt of synthetic human GnRH
Gonadorelin
89
Synthetic analogs / GnRH agonists long acting:
- Goserelin - Histrelin - Leuprolide - Nafarelin - Triptorelin
90
GnRH Analogs Clinical Uses
1) Female infertility 2) Male infertility 3) Prostate cancer 4) Controlled ovarian hyperstimulation 5) Endometriosis
91
Syndrome of cyclical abdominal pain in premenopausal women that is due to the presence of estrogen - sensitive endometrium - like tissue outside the uterus.
Endometriosis
92
GnRH Analogs Toxicity in Men
- Hot flushes - Sweats - Edema - Gynecomastia - Decreased libido - Decreased hematocrit - Reduced bone density
93
Drugs example of GnRH Antagonist
✓ Ganirelix ✓ Cetrorelix ✓ Degarelix
94
Inhibit the secretion of FSH and LH
Degarelix
95
GnRH Antagonists Clinical Use
- Suppression of Gonadotropin Production - Advanced prostate cancer
96
What are the 3 ovarian hormones?
- Estradiol - Estrone - Estriol
96
What are the synthetic estrogen medication
- Ethinyl estradiol - Diethylstilbestrol
96
Estrogen Uses
1) Oral contraceptive 2) Post-menopausal syndrome 3) Acne 4) Prostate cancer
97
What are the Anti-Estrogen Class of Drugs
- Estrogen Receptor Blockers - SERM (Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators) - Aromatase Inhibitors
98
Drugs example of Estrogen Receptor Blockers
- Tamoxifen (Nolvadex) - Clomiphene (Clomid) → adjuvant therapy for Breast CA.
99
Drugs example of SERM
Raloxifene (Evista) → reduce bone resorption in osteoporosis.
100
Drugs example of Aromatase Inhibitors
- Anastrazole (Arimidex) - Letrozole (Femara) → Used for BREAST CANCER
101
Drugs example of Progestins
- Progesterone - Levonorgestrel - Norethindrone - Medroxyprogesterone For endometrial growth for implantation
102
Progestins Uses
- Contraceptive - Dysmenorrhea - Endometriosis
103
Drug example of Progestin Antagonists
Mifepristone (abortifacient)
104
Types of Contraceptives
- Post Coital Contraceptives - Chemical Contraceptives - Combination Contraceptives - Progestin Only Contraceptives
105
Post Coital Contraceptives aka
"Morning after pills"
106
Drugs for Post Coital Contraceptive
- Ethinyl estradiol + Norgestrel - Conjugated Estrogen - Estrone
107
Drug example for Chemical Contraceptive
Gossypol- destroys seminiferous tubule
108
Drugs example for Combination Contraceptive
1. Monophasic 2. Biphasic 3. Triphasic
109
Drugs example of Progestin Only Contraceptive
1. Minipill- Norethindrone + Norgestrel 2. Implant- Norgestrel 216mg (Norplant) 3. IM- Medroxyprogesterone (Depo-Provera) 4. Intrauterine- Progestasert
109
Drugs example of Progestin Only Contraceptive
1. Minipill- Norethindrone + Norgestrel 2. Implant- Norgestrel 216mg (Norplant) 3. IM- Medroxyprogesterone (Depo-Provera) 4. Intrauterine- Progestasert

kekw (5 decks)

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