Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

kekw > PCOL MIDTERM 4 > Flashcards

PCOL MIDTERM 4 Flashcards

1
Q

System of ductless glands that secrete hormones

A

Endocrine system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Hormones are

A

“messenger molecules”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Endocrine system characterization

A
  • Circulate in the blood
  • Act on distant target cells
  • Target cells respond to the hormones for which they have receptors
  • The effects are dependent on the programmed response of the target cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Hormones are just

A

Molecular triggers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

2 Types of Endocrine Organs

A
  • Purely Endocrine Organs
  • Endocrine Cells in other organs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What Organs are Purely Endocrine

A
  • Pituitary gland
  • Pineal gland
  • Thyroid gland
  • Parathyroid glands
  • Adrenal: 2 glands
    • Cortex
    • Medulla
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Endocrine cells in other organs

A
  • Pancreas
  • Thymus
  • Gonads
  • Hypothalamus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The control of metabolism, growth, and reproduction is mediated by a combination of neural and endocrine systems located in the hypothalamus and pituitary gland.

A

Hypothalamic- pituitary endocrine system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Mechanism of Hormone release

A

(a) Humoral
(b) Neural
(c) Hormonal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

In response to changing levels of ions or nutrients in the blood

A

Humoral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Stimulation by nerves

A

Neural

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Stimulation received from other hormones

A

Hormonal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

It is the master endocrine organ

A

Hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

It is the master endocrine organ

A

Hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

It secretes releasing / inhibiting hormones

A

Hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Pituitary gland consist of

A
  • Anterior lobe
  • Posterior lobe.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Connected to hypothalamus by a stalk of neurosecretory fibers and blood vessels, including a portal venous system that drains the hypothalamus and perfuses the anterior pituitary.

A

Pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The posterior lobe hormones are synthesized in the _______ and transported via the _______in the stalk of the pituitary to the posterior lobe, from which they are released into the circulation.

A

(1) Hypothalamus
(2) Neurosecretory fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Sits in hypophyseal fossa: depression in sella turcica of sphenoid bone

A

Pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the Divisions of Pituitary Gland

A
  • Anterior Pituitary
  • Posterior Pituitary
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Pituitary secretes, how many hormones?

A

9

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Anterior pituitary aka

A

Adenohypophysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Posterior pituitary aka

A

Neurohypophysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the hormones in Anterior pituitary

A
  1. TSH
  2. ACTH
  3. FSH
  4. LH
  5. GH
  6. PRL
  7. MSH
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Full name of the ff:
1. TSH
2. ACTH
3. FSH
4. LH
5. GH
6. PRL
7. MSH

A
  1. (TSH) Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone or Thyrotropin
  2. (ACTH) Adrenocorticotropin
  3. (FSH) Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
  4. (LH) Luteinizing Hormone
  5. (GH) Growth hormone
  6. (PRL) Prolactin or (LTH) Luteotropic hormone
  7. (MSH) Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the hormones in Posterior pituitary

A
  1. ADH (antidiuretic hormone), or vasopressin
  2. Oxytocin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Drugs that mimic or block the effects of hypothalamic and pituitary hormones have pharmacologic applications in three primary areas

A

Hormonal Agents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Drugs that mimic or block the effects of hypothalamic and pituitary hormones have pharmacologic applications in 3 primary areas:

A
  1. As replacement therapy for hormone deficiency states
  2. As antagonists for diseases caused by excess production of pituitary hormones
  3. As diagnostic tools for identifying several endocrine abnormalities.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

GH Hypothalamic Hormone

A

Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) (+) Somatostatin (-)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

TSH Hypothalamic Hormone

A

Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) (+)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

GH Target Organs

A
  • Liver
  • Bone
  • Muscle
  • Kidney
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

GH Primary Target Organ Hormone or Mediator

A

Insulin-like growth factor - I (IGF-1)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

TSH Target Organ

A

Thyroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

TH Primary Target Organ Hormone or Mediator

A
  • Thyroxine
  • Triiodothyronine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

ACTH Hypothalamic Hormone

A

Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) (+)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

ACTH Target Organ

A

Adrenal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

ACTH Primary Target Organ Hormone or Mediator

A

Cortisol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

FSH and LH Hypothalamic Hormone

A

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) (+)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

FSH and LH Target Organ

A

Gonads

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

FSH and LH Primary Target Organ Hormone and Mediator

A
  • Estrogen
  • Progesterone,
  • Testosterone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

PRL Hypothalamic Hormone

A

Dopamine (-)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

PRL Target Organ

A

Breast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

PRL Primary Target Organ Hormone and Mediator

A

None

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Required during childhood and adolescence

A

Growth Hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Contaminated prions can cause

A

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

_______ was isolated from the pituitaries of human cadavers.

A

Medicinal GH

46
Q

Recombinant form of GH

A

Somatropin

47
Q

Equivalent drug of GH

A

Somatrem

48
Q

can have a genetic basis, can be acquired as a result of damage to the pituitary or hypothalamus.

A

GH Deficiency

49
Q

An autosomal dominant genetic disease associated with growth failure, obesity, and carbohydrate intolerance.

A

Prader-Willi Syndrome

50
Q

(45 X karyotype and variants)

A

Turner syndrome

51
Q

ISS stands for

A

Idiopathic short stature

52
Q

Use by athletes for a purported increase in muscle mass and athletic performance.

A

Growth Hormones

53
Q

Why athletes use GH for

A

To increase in muscle mass and athletic performance

54
Q

What are the toxicity of GH

A
  1. Progression of scoliosis
  2. Edema
  3. Hyperglycemia
  4. Increased risk of otitis media
55
Q

What are the drugs of IGF-1 Analog

A
  • Mecasermin
  • Mecasermin rinfabate
56
Q

Mecasermin and Mecasermin rinfabate Clinical Use

A

Treatment of severe IGF-I deficiency that is not responsive to GH

57
Q

Adverse Effects of Mecasermin and Mecasermin rinfabate

A

Hypoglycemia by consumption of a snack or meal shortly before mecasermin administration

58
Q

What are the Excessive Growth Hormone

A

Acromegaly and Gigantism

59
Q

Acromegaly characteristic

A
  • Excess of GH while the epiphyseal plates are close
  • Unproportional features like hands and feet
60
Q

Gigantism characteristic

A
  • Excess of GH while the epiphyseal plates are open
  • Proportional features like hands and feet
61
Q

Treatment for Excessive GH

A
  1. Somatostatin analogs
  2. Dopamine receptor agonists, which reduce the production of GH
  3. Pegvisomant - GH receptor antagonist
62
Q

Somatostatin Mechanism Of Action

A

Inhibits the release of GH, TSH, glucagon, insulin, and gastrin.

63
Q

Somatostatin Adverse Effects

A

Hyperglycemia

64
Q

Octreotide and Lanreotide Adverse Effects

A
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Abdominal cramps
  • Flatulence
  • Steatorrhea
  • Vitamin B12 deficiency
65
Q

Pegvisomant Mechanism of Action

A

GH receptor antagonist

66
Q

Pegvisomant Adverse Effect

A

None

67
Q

These hormones serve complementary functions in the reproductive process.

A

Gonadotropins

68
Q

What hormones are considered gonadotropins?

A

FSH and LH

69
Q

FSH Effects in Men

A

✓ Primary regulator of spermatogenesis
✓ Stimulates the conversion of testosterone to estrogen.

70
Q

FSH Effects in Women

A

✓ Ovarian follicle development
✓ In the ovary- stimulates the conversion of androgens to estrogens

71
Q

LH Effects in Men

A

Main stimulus for testosterone synthesis

72
Q

LH Effects in Women

A

✓ In the ovary – stimulates androgen production
✓ Estrogen and progesterone production

73
Q

If pregnancy occurs, estrogen and progesterone production is under the control of?

A

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG).

74
Q

What are the Gonadotropin Analog

A
  • Menotropins
  • FSH Analog
  • LH Analog
  • hCG
75
Q

Recombinant form of hCG approved for the treatment of prepubertal cryptorchidism

A

Choriogonadotropin alfa

76
Q

Produced by the human placenta and excreted into the urine

A

hCG

77
Q

Recombinant form of human LH

A

Lutropin alfa

78
Q

Human menopausal gonadotropins (hMG)

A

Menotropin

79
Q

Extracted from the urine of postmenopausal women

A

Menotropin

80
Q

Purified extract of FSH and LH

A

Menotropin

81
Q

Purified preparation of human FSH extracted from the urine of postmenopausal women

A

Urofollitropin

82
Q

Recombinant forms of FSH

A

a. Follitropin alfa
b. Follitropin beta

83
Q

Gonadotropin Analog Clinical Uses

A

Used in states of infertility

84
Q

Gonadotropin Analog Clinical Uses in Men

A

Stimulate spermatogenesis

85
Q

Gonadotropin Analog Clinical Uses in Men

A

Induce ovulation

86
Q

Gonadotropin Analog Toxicity

A
  • Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome
  • Ovarian enlargement
  • Multiple pregnancies
87
Q

Secreted by neurons in the hypothalamus

A

GnRH Analog

88
Q

Acetate salt of synthetic human GnRH

A

Gonadorelin

89
Q

Synthetic analogs / GnRH agonists long acting:

A
  • Goserelin
  • Histrelin
  • Leuprolide
  • Nafarelin
  • Triptorelin
90
Q

GnRH Analogs Clinical Uses

A

1) Female infertility
2) Male infertility
3) Prostate cancer
4) Controlled ovarian hyperstimulation
5) Endometriosis

91
Q

Syndrome of cyclical abdominal pain in premenopausal women that is due to the presence of estrogen - sensitive endometrium - like tissue outside the uterus.

A

Endometriosis

92
Q

GnRH Analogs Toxicity in Men

A
  • Hot flushes
  • Sweats
  • Edema
  • Gynecomastia
  • Decreased libido
  • Decreased hematocrit
  • Reduced bone density
93
Q

Drugs example of GnRH Antagonist

A

✓ Ganirelix
✓ Cetrorelix
✓ Degarelix

94
Q

Inhibit the secretion of FSH and LH

A

Degarelix

95
Q

GnRH Antagonists Clinical Use

A
  • Suppression of Gonadotropin Production
  • Advanced prostate cancer
96
Q

What are the 3 ovarian hormones?

A
  • Estradiol
  • Estrone
  • Estriol
96
Q

What are the synthetic estrogen medication

A
  • Ethinyl estradiol
  • Diethylstilbestrol
96
Q

Estrogen Uses

A

1) Oral contraceptive
2) Post-menopausal syndrome
3) Acne
4) Prostate cancer

97
Q

What are the Anti-Estrogen Class of Drugs

A
  • Estrogen Receptor Blockers
  • SERM (Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators)
  • Aromatase Inhibitors
98
Q

Drugs example of Estrogen Receptor Blockers

A
  • Tamoxifen (Nolvadex)
  • Clomiphene (Clomid) → adjuvant therapy for Breast CA.
99
Q

Drugs example of SERM

A

Raloxifene (Evista) → reduce bone resorption in osteoporosis.

100
Q

Drugs example of Aromatase Inhibitors

A
  • Anastrazole (Arimidex)
  • Letrozole (Femara)
    → Used for BREAST CANCER
101
Q

Drugs example of Progestins

A
  • Progesterone
  • Levonorgestrel
  • Norethindrone
  • Medroxyprogesterone
    For endometrial growth for implantation
102
Q

Progestins Uses

A
  • Contraceptive
  • Dysmenorrhea
  • Endometriosis
103
Q

Drug example of Progestin Antagonists

A

Mifepristone (abortifacient)

104
Q

Types of Contraceptives

A
  • Post Coital Contraceptives
  • Chemical Contraceptives
  • Combination Contraceptives
  • Progestin Only Contraceptives
105
Q

Post Coital Contraceptives aka

A

“Morning after pills”

106
Q

Drugs for Post Coital Contraceptive

A
  • Ethinyl estradiol + Norgestrel
  • Conjugated Estrogen
  • Estrone
107
Q

Drug example for Chemical Contraceptive

A

Gossypol- destroys seminiferous tubule

108
Q

Drugs example for Combination Contraceptive

A
  1. Monophasic
  2. Biphasic
  3. Triphasic
109
Q

Drugs example of Progestin Only Contraceptive

A
  1. Minipill- Norethindrone + Norgestrel
  2. Implant- Norgestrel 216mg (Norplant)
  3. IM- Medroxyprogesterone (Depo-Provera)
  4. Intrauterine- Progestasert
109
Q

Drugs example of Progestin Only Contraceptive

A
  1. Minipill- Norethindrone + Norgestrel
  2. Implant- Norgestrel 216mg (Norplant)
  3. IM- Medroxyprogesterone (Depo-Provera)
  4. Intrauterine- Progestasert

kekw (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions