Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

kekw > PCOL MIDTERM 2 > Flashcards

PCOL MIDTERM 2 Flashcards

Para manlang maka tres

1
Q

Soft waxy substance

A

Cholesterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cholesterol is found among

A

Lipids (FATS) in the bloodstream and all cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Transport vehicles

A

Lipoproteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Lipoproteins delivers

A

Cholesterol, Triglycerides, and Phospholipids in the Bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cholesterol are delivered to various body tissues to be

A

Used, Stored or Excreted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Excess circulating cholesterol leads to

A

Plaque formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

LDL stands for

A

Low-Density Lipoprotein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

LDL is also known as

A

BAD cholesterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The major cholesterol carrier in the blood

A

Low-Density Lipoprotein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

HDL stands for

A

High-Density Lipoprotein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

HDL is also known as

A

GOOD cholesterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Transport cholesterol away from arteries and back to the liver to be excreted

A

High-Density Lipoprotein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Removes excess cholesterol from plaques and slowing the growth

A

High-Density Lipoprotein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

VLDL stands for

A

Very-Low-Density Lipoprotein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Secreted by the liver

A

VLDL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

It export Triglycerides and Cholesterol to peripheral tissues

A

VLDL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Peripheral tissues are

A

Precursor of LDL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Chemical form in which most fat exists

A

Triglycerides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Triglycerides fats came from

A

Food as well as in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Triglycerides develop when calories are

A

NOT burned RIGHT AWAY and are stored in fat cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Store unused calories and provide your body with energy

A

Triglycerides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Formed in the intestine and carry triglycerides from dietary origin

A

Chylomicrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

AKA Hyperlipoprotein

A

Hyperlipidemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

AKA Dyslipidemia

A

Hyperlipidemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Hyperlipoproteinemia is also known as
Hyperlipoprotein and Dyslipidemia
26
Hyperlipidemia is also known as
Hyperlipoproteinemia and Dyslipidemia
27
It describe an increased concentration of the lipoprotein macromolecule that transport lipids in the plasma
Hyperlipidemia
28
lipoprotein macromolecule transport lipids in the
Plasma
29
Also called High Cholesterol
Hypercholesterolemia
30
Medical term for abnormally high levels of cholesterol in the blood
Hypercholesterolemia
31
Elevated Total Cholesterol (TC)
Hypercholesterolemia
32
A condition in which triglyceride levels are elevated
Hypertriglyceridemia
33
Elevated Triglycerides (TG)
Hypertriglyceridemia
34
A disorder in which the body does not break down fats (lipids) correctly
Chylomicronemia
35
Deficiency of Chylomicrons
Chylomicronemia
36
A rare lipoprotein metabolism disorder
Hypoalphalipoproteinemia
37
Deficiency of HDL
Hypoalphalipoproteinemia
38
Ideal Fasting Blood Level for Total Cholesterol
< 200 mg/dl
39
Ideal Fasting Blood Level for LDL-Cholesterol
< 100 mg/dl
40
Ideal Fasting Blood Level for HDL-Cholesterol
> or = 60 mg/dl
41
Ideal Fasting Blood Level for Triglycerides
< 150 mg/dl
42
Single or Multiple Gene Mutation
Primary Dyslipidemia
43
Results in Disturbance of LDL, HDL, and Triglycerides production or clearance
Single or Multiple Gene Mutation
44
Presence of Risk Factors, Should be suspected in patients with:
- Premature Heart Disease - Family hx of atherosclerotic - Serum cholesterol level > 240 mg/dl - Physical signs of hyperlipidemia
45
Genetic Factors cause primary dyslipidemia, and its genetic inherited.
- Familial combined hyperlipidemia - Familial Hyperapobetalipoproteinemia - Familial hypertriglyceridemia - Homozygous familial or polygenic hypercholesterolemia
46
A genetic factor that causes a mutation in LDL receptors
Homozygous familial or polygenic hypercholesterolemia
47
A genetic factor which leads to high triglycerides levels
Familial hypertriglyceridemia
48
A genetic factor that causes a mutation in a group of LDL lipoproteins
Familial Hyperapobetalipoproteinemia
49
A genetic factor which develops in teenagers and young adults and can lead to high cholesterol
Familial combined hyperlipidemia
50
A mutation in a group of LDL lipoproteins called
apolipoproteins
51
Secondary Dyslipidemia Causes (First 5)
- Obesity - Sedentary lifestyle - Excessive consumption of Cholesterol (Saturated fats and Trans-Fatty acid) - Diabetes (Type 2 DM) - Hypothyroidism
52
Secondary Dyslipidemia Causes (6-10)
- Cholestatic liver disease - Nephrotic syndrome - Cigarette smoking - Alcoholism - Cushing's syndrome
53
Drugs causing MILD to MODERATE degrees of Dyslipidemia
- Beta-Blockers - Thiazide diuretics - Antiretroviral drugs - Hormonal Agents
54
Drug that causes MILD to MODERATE degrees of dyslipidemia due to inhibition of lipolysis (Beta 3)
Beta-blockers
55
Drug that causes MILD to MODERATE degrees of dyslipidemia due to 5-15% increase in total serum cholesterol and LDL
Thiazide diuretics
56
What are the Lipoprotein Class
- HDL - LDL - IDL - VLDL - Chylomicrons
57
HDL Density
1.063-1.21
58
HDL Diameter
5-15
59
LDL Density
1.019-1.063
60
LDL Diameter
18-28
61
IDL Density
1.006-10.19
62
IDL Diameter
25-50
63
VLDL Density
0.95-1.006
64
VLDL Diameter
30-80
65
Chylomicrons Density
<0.95
66
Chylomicrons Diameter
100-500
67
Severe or untreated dyslipidemia can lead to other conditions, including
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) and Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD).
68
Both CAD and PAD can cause serious health complications, including
Heart attacks and Strokes
69
One of the major sequelae of Hyperlipidemia
Atherosclerosis
70
Process of forming atheromas, plaques in the inner lining (the intima) of arteries is
Atherogenesis
71
A condition correlated with high plasma lipid levels of cholesterol - and/or containing lipoprotein particles.
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
72
Symptoms associated with CAD and Atherosclerosis
- Leg pain, especially when walking or standing - Chest pain - Tightness or pressure in the chest and shortness of breath - Pain, tightness, and pressure in the neck, jaw, shoulders, and back - Indigestion and Heartburn - Sleep problems and Daytime exhaustion - Dizziness - Heart palpitations - Cold sweats - Vomiting and Nausea - Swelling in the legs, ankles, feet, stomach, and veins of the neck
72
Symptoms associated with CAD and Atherosclerosis
- Leg pain, especially when walking or standing - Chest pain - Tightness or pressure in the chest and shortness of breath - Pain, tightness, and pressure in the neck, jaw, shoulders, and back - Indigestion and Heartburn - Sleep problems and Daytime exhaustion - Dizziness - Heart palpitations - Cold sweats - Vomiting and Nausea - Swelling in the legs, ankles, feet, stomach, and veins of the neck
73
Non-pharmacologic Intervention for CAD and Atherosclerosis
- Weight reduction (especially in overweight px) - Increase physical activity - Smoking cessation and avoid alcohol consumption - Diet modifications (reduce consumption of unhealthy fats, such as those found in red meats, full-fat dairy products, refined carbohydrates, chocolate, chips, and fried foods) - Eat plenty of Dietary Fibers (Fruits, Vegetables, Whole Grains) and drink plenty of water - Take OMEGA-3
74
Recommended intake for Total Fat
25-35% of total calories
75
Recommended intake for Saturated Fat
<7% of total calories
76
Recommended intake for Polyunsaturated Fat
Up to 10% of total calories
77
Recommended intake for Monosaturated Fat
Up to 20% of total calories
78
Recommended intake for Carbohydrates
50-60% of total calories
79
Recommended intake for Fiber
20-30 g/day
80
Recommended intake for Cholesterol
<200 mg/day
81
Recommended intake for Protein
15% of total calories
82
Pharmacologic Intervention for CAD and Atherosclerosis
1. HMG - CoA reductase inhibitors 2. Bile acid sequestrants 3. Nicotinic acid 4. Fibric acid derivates 5. Others a. Cholesterol absorption inhibitor b. Lipid - regulating agent
83
HMG-CoA
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A / hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA
84
STATINS or HMG - CoA REDUCTASE INHIBITORS Mechanism Of Action
Statins act by inhibiting the enzyme HMG - CoA reductase, the enzyme controlling the first committed step of cholesterol synthesis in the liver
85
Drug examples of Statins
- Rosuvastatin - Atorvastatin - Simvastatin - Lovastatin - Pravastatin - Fluvastatin
86
Adverse effects of Statins
1. Hepatotoxicity 2. Myositis 3. Rhabdomyolysis 4. GI symptoms: dyspepsia, constipations & abdominal pain
87
Drug Interactions in Statins
- Gemfibrozil (increase risk of rhabdomyolysis) - Lovastatin & Rosuvastatin (may prolong bleeding time with warfarin) - Increase muscular toxicity with drugs that inhibit CYP450 3A4 system (cyclosporine, erythromycin, calcium blockers, niacin, ketoconazole)
88
RESINS or BILE ACID SEQUESTERANTS Mechanism Of Actions
They bind bile acids in the intestine through anion exchange; this reduces the enterohepatic recirculation of bile acids, which releases feedback regulation on conversion of cholesterol to bile acids in the liver
89
Drug examples of Resins
- Cholestyramine - Colestipol - Colesevelam Large nonabsorbable polymers that bind bile acids and similar steroids in the intestine and prevent their absorption.
90
Resins aka
Bile acid sequestrants
91
Statins aka
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors
92
Advantage of Resins
A strong safety record (not absorbed from GI so lack of systemic toxicity)
93
Disadvantage of Resins
Unpleasant granulated texture of powder old resins
94
Adverse Effects of Resins
Gl: constipation, bloating, epigastric fullness, nausea & flatulence (specially with old ones)
95
Drug Interaction in Resins
GI binding can reduce absorption of anionic drugs (warfarin, thyroxin, digitoxin, beta - blockers & thiazide diuretics
96
NIACIN, NICOTINIC ACID or VITAMIN B3
Inhibit the mobilization of free fatty acids from peripheral adipose tissue to the liver which reduces synthesis & secretion of VLDL particles by the liver.
97
Functions after conversion to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) in the NAD coenzyme system. Through multiple actions, niacin (but not nicotinamide) reduces LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and VLDL and also often increases HDL cholesterol
Niacin, Nicotinic acid, or Vitamin B3
98
3 Preparations in Niacin
1. Immediate release: crystalline form: Causes flushing 2. Sustained release: less flushing but maximum dose 2 gm to prevent liver toxicity 3. Extended release: New drug, Niaspan is extended release formula better than other forms due to less side effects
99
Adverse effects of Niacin
- Flushing & headache - Increase blood glucose by 10-20 % - Hepatotoxicity - Niaspan: is the best, less flushing but more Gl effects that can be reduce if given with food. Less hepatic toxicity in doses ≤ 2gm / day
100
Drug examples of FIBRIC ACID or DERIVATIVES (FIBRATES)
- Gemfibrozil (600mg once or twice daily) taken with food - Fenofibrate (Tricor) 48mg one to three tablets daily
101
FIBRIC ACID or DERIVATIVES (FIBRATES) Mechanism Of Action
Increases activity of Peroxisome proliferator - activated receptor - alpha (PPARa), this increases synthesis of lipoprotein lipase therefore increasing clearance of triglycerides.
102
Adverse Effects of Niacin
- Gl symptoms like nausea, dyspepsia & abdominal pain - Myositis & rhabdomyolysis: more common with gemfibrozil specially combination with statins - Cholelithiasis (Gallstones)
103
A prodrug that is converted in the liver to the active glucuronide form
EZETIMIBE or CHOLESTEROL ABSORPTION INHIBITOR
104
Monotherapy or in combination with statin
EZETIMIBE or CHOLESTEROL ABSORPTION INHIBITOR
105
Not recommended with fibrates
EZETIMIBE or CHOLESTEROL ABSORPTION INHIBITOR
106
Reduces LDL number
EZETIMIBE or CHOLESTEROL ABSORPTION INHIBITOR
107
Also used in phytosterolemia, a rare genetic disorder that results from impaired export of phytosterols.
EZETIMIBE or CHOLESTEROL ABSORPTION INHIBITOR
108
Adverse Effects of Ezetimibe
- Diarrhea - Cough - Fatigue
109
Only FDA approved supplement for tx of dyslipidemia
OMEGA 3 or LIPID REGULATING AGENT
110
Decreases hepatic production of TG and VLDL
OMEGA 3 or LIPID REGULATING AGENT
111
Omega 3 Fish oil (salmon, herring, mackerel, swordfish, albacore tuna, sardines, lake trout)
- Salmon - Herring - Mackerel - Swordfish - Albacore tuna - Sardines - Lake trout
112
Omega - 3 fatty acids are:
- Alpha - linolenic acid (ALA) acid - Eicosapentaenoic (EPA) - Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
113
Drug examples of NEWER AGENTS or DRUGS UNDER INVESTIGATION
- CETP inhibitors (cholesteryl ester transferring protein ) - Torcetrapib - Anacetrapib
114
Atorvastatin Reduction in LDL and Brand name
(Lipitor) 10 mg = 39% 80 mg = 51%
115
Fluvastatin Reduction in LDL and Brand name
(Lescol) 40 mg = 25% 80 mg= 31%
116
Lovastatin Reduction in LDL and Brand name
(Mevacor, generic) 40 mg = 31% 80 mg = 37%
117
Pravastatin Reduction in LDL and Brand name
(Pravachol) 40 mg = 34% 80 mg = 40%
118
Rosuvastatin Reduction in LDL and Brand name
(Crestor) 10 mg = 39% 40 mg = 57%
119
Simvastatin Reduction in LDL and Brand name
(Zocor) 20 mg = 35% 80 mg = 47%
120
Bile acid binders Reduction in LDL and Brand name
(Colestid, WelChol) 15%-30%
121
Ezetimibe Reduction in LDL and Brand name
(Zetia) 15%-20%
122
Fibrates Reduction in LDL and Brand name
(Lopid, Tricor, and others) 4%-30%
123
Niacin Reduction in LDL and Brand name
(Niaspan, generic) 5%-25%
124
OMEGA 3 aka
Lipid regulating agent
125
Ezetimibe aka
Cholesterol absorption inhibitor
126
Niacin aka
Nicotinic acid or Vitamin B3
127
Fibric acids aka
Derivates (Fibrates)

kekw (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions