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Pcog > PCOG Glycosides Part 1 > Flashcards

PCOG Glycosides Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Yield one or more sugars among the product of hydrolysis

A

Glycosides

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2
Q

It is any molecule in which a sugar group is bonded through its anomeric carbon to another group via glycosidic bond

A

Glycosides

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3
Q

An aqueous solution hexoses and pentoses will cyclize forming

A

Alpha and beta forms

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4
Q

Linamarin is an o-glycoside derived from

A

D-glucose

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5
Q

Sinigrin is an S-glycoside derived from

A

D-glucose

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6
Q

Has an IN ending and the names indicate the source

A

Glycosides

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7
Q

Digitoxin is from

A

Digitalis

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8
Q

salicin from

A

Salix

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9
Q

Prunasin from

A

Prunus

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10
Q

The most frequently occurin sugar is

A

B-D-glucose

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11
Q

Rhamnose,digitoxose cymarose and other sugar are component of

A

Glycosides

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12
Q

When the sugar formed is glucose

A

Glucoside

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13
Q

When other sugar other than glucose is produced

A

Glycoside

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14
Q

Non sugar component of glycosides

A

Aglycone,aglycon,or genin

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15
Q

Sugar component of glycosides

A

Glycone

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16
Q

Imortanceof glycosides

A

Involved in its regulatory protective and sanitary functions of plants
Therapeutic agents

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17
Q

Occurences of glycosides

A

Widely distributed in plant kingdom-fruit,seeds,barks,leaves
Animals(relatively rare)

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18
Q

O-glycosides linkages

A

Phenol or OH group

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19
Q

N-glycoside linkage

A

N of amino group NH

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20
Q

S-glycosides linkage

A

S of thiol group

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21
Q

C-glycosides linkage

A

On C atom

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22
Q

Classification of the glycosides

A

Cardioactive steroid group
Anthraquinone
Saponin
Cyanophore
Glucosinolate
Flavonol
Alcohol
Aldehyde
Phenol

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23
Q

Related to steroids, CPPP nucleus
Sugar component is attached on the 3 position of the CPPP nucleus (cyclo,pentano,perhydro,phenanthrene)
2 aglycones- cardenolides, bufadienolides discovered from bufalin isolated from skin of toad

A

Cardiac glycosides

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24
Q

Leibermann-burchard test

A

Test the cardenolides/bufadienolides

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25
Q

Kedde reaction

A

Tests prescence of the lactone ring

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26
Q

The ability to increase the force of systolic contraction

A

Inotropic effect

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27
Q

What toxiity increases with the depletion of potassim ions

A

Digoxin toxicity

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28
Q

Sources of digitalis

A

Foxglove( D.purpurea)
Grecian foxglove (D.lanata)

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29
Q

Digitoxin
Gialoxin
Gitoxin

A

Digitalis Purpurea

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30
Q

Digoxin
Desacetyl lanatosde (deslanoside)

A

Digitalis lanata

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31
Q

More commonly used
Polar becase of the OH group in the structure
Easily eliminated therefore short acting

A

Digoxin

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32
Q

Pigeon-Used in the bioassay (potency)
Antidote-Digoxin immune fab
Inotropic agent

A

Digoxin

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33
Q

Lipophilic
Longer half life
Drug of choice for CHF but now it is used in the management of arrhythmia atril fibrillations

A

Digitoxin

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34
Q

Used for rapid digitalization

A

Deslanoside

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35
Q

Aka lily of the valley
Liliaceae
From Convallaria majalis

A

Convallaria

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36
Q

Active component of convallaria and not recommended

A

Convallotoxin

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37
Q

Black indian hemp
Dog bane
Apocynum cannabinum

A

Apocynum

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38
Q

Active constituent of apocynum which is also a cardiac glycoside

A

Cymarin

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39
Q

Aka pheasants eye
Adonis vernalis
Ranunculaceae

A

Adonis

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40
Q

Active constituents of adonis

A

Adonitoxin,Cymarin, K-strophantin

41
Q

Aka Night blooming cereus
From selenicereus grandiflorus
Cactaceae
Causes positive inotropic effect

A

Cactus Grandiflorus

42
Q

Aka christmas rose
Helleborus niger
Ranunculaceae

A

Black Hellebore

43
Q

Constituent of black hellebore

A

Hellebrin

44
Q

Varieties of black hellbore

A

Black-glycosidal cardiac stimulant(inotropic)
Green and white alkaloidal cardiac depressant

45
Q

From s.kombe and s.hispidus
Component K strophantoside
Apocynaceae

A

Strophantus

46
Q

3rd most important glycoside available in the market

A

G.strophantin (ouabain)

47
Q

From Urginea maritima
Hyacinthaceae
Use is expectorant

A

Squill or squill bub

48
Q

Component of squillbub or squill

A

Scillaren-A made up of scillarenin glucose and rhamnose

49
Q

Red variety of squill or squill bulb

A

Rodenticide

50
Q

From nerium oleander
Apocynacea
Genocide in sri lanka
Mimics digoxin

A

Adelfa

51
Q

Component of adelfa and effect

A

Oleandrin and digitalinum verum
Oral ingestion can cause poisoning

52
Q

Related to anthracene

A

Anthraquinone glycosides

53
Q

Hydrolysis yields aglycones that are di tru or tetrahydroxyanthraquinones or modification of these compounds

A

Anthraquinone glycosides

54
Q

Species that produce several anthraquinone glycosides

A

Peniciullium islandicum

55
Q

Anthranols are converted into

A

Anthraquinones

56
Q

Often used for anthranols

A

Schontetens test green fluorescece

57
Q

Main constituents of chrysarobin, a mixture of substances

A

Anthrnols and anthrones

58
Q

Use of anthraquinone glycosides

A

Stimulant cathartics- increasing the tone of the smooth muscle in the wall of the colon and stimulate the secretion of water and electrolytes into the large intestine

59
Q

Detected by borntrager test positive result red or pink at the ammponiacal region

A

Anthraquinone glycosides

60
Q

Occurs in plants as hydroxylated methylated or carboxylated

A

Anthraquinone glycosides

61
Q

Rhamnuss purshiaa
Sacred bark
Use is cathartic

A

Cascara Sagrada

62
Q

2 type of anthracene compounds in cascara sagrada

A

Normal o glycosides- based on emodin 10-20%
Aloinlike C-glycosides about 80-90%

63
Q

Main active principles of cascara sagrada

A

Cascarosides A based on isomers of barbaloin
Cascarosides B
Cascarosides c based on optical isomers of chrysaloin
Cascarosides D

64
Q

Rhamnus frangula
Component of Otc product Movicol also contains karaya

A

Frangula

65
Q

Due to prescence of frangulins A and B related to glucofrangulins
Has a laxative effect

A

Frangula

66
Q

Yields not less than 50% of the water soluble extractive

A

Aloes

67
Q

Taste is nauseating and bitter

A

Aloes

68
Q

Odor is disagreeable

A

Aloes

69
Q

Alope barbadensis aloe vera
Pharmaceutical ai for compound benzoin tincture

A

Curacao aloe

70
Q

Aloe ferox
Aloe africana
Aloe spicata
Elicits a drastic cathartic reaction

A

Cape aloe

71
Q

Fresh mucilaginous gel contained in the parenchymatous tissue in the center of the leaves in A.barbadensis for the treatment of burns abrasions and other skin irritations
Moisturizing and emollient properties

A

Aloe vera gel

72
Q

Aloin A barbaloin
Aloin B isobarbaloin
Inactive ingredient including large amounts of 16 to 63% of a resinus material plus volatile oil

A

Principal anthraquinone glycosides

73
Q

Rheum officinale
R palmatum
R emodi
R webbianum
Effect drastic cathartic

A

Rheum
Chinese rhubarb
Himalayan rhubarb
Indian rhubarb

74
Q

Cassia acutifolia
Alexandria senna
Cassia angustifolia tinnevelly senna
Fam fabaceae
Use is cathartic

A

Senna

75
Q

Is graded according to the size of the leaf and the color of the leaflets
Blue green are best yellowish are poorest

A

Senna

76
Q

Prinipal active constituents if senna whose aglycones are composed of aloe-emodin and or rhein

A

Dimeric glycosides

77
Q

Pair of stereoisomers whose aglycones are rhein dianthrone

A

sennosides a and b

78
Q

Are minor constituents having dimeric aglycone

A

Sennosides C and D

79
Q

Contain useful active glycosides some of the primary glycosides in the pods hve as many as 10 sugar molecules attached to a rhein dianthrone nucleus

A

Senna pods

80
Q

Blue green-best grade
Yellowish-poorest
cultivated on wet lands resembling rice paddies

A

Senna

81
Q

Mixture of neutral principles obtained from Goa powder obtained in the lysogenous cavities in the wod of andira araroba
Hot benzene is used to extract chrysarobin 50-70% yields from goa powder

A

Chrysarobin

82
Q

Psoriasis trichophtosis and chronic eczema

A

Keratolytic

83
Q

Representative sample contains approximately 30-40% chrysophenolanthrone
20 emodinanthrone monomethyl ether and 30% of dehydro emodinanthrone

A

Anthraqunone

84
Q

1,8 dihydroxyanthraquinone
1,6 dihydroxyanthraquinone is the natural constituent but it is difficult to isolate
Prepared synthetically from 1,8 anthraquinone potassium disulfonate

A

Danthron or chrysarin

85
Q

Uses of danthron or chrysarin

A

An important intermediate in the manufacture of anthralin and of alizarin and indanthrene dyestuffs
Cathartic

86
Q

From colloidal solutions in water that foam upon shaking-froth test have bitter acrid taste and drugs containing them are usually sternutatory and otherwise irritating to the mucous membrane.
Destroys red blood cells by hemolysis and are toxic especially to cold blooded animals-hemolysis test

A

Saponin glycosides

87
Q

Aglycones uually prepared by acid catalyzed hydrolysis usually temed as form readily crystallizable compounds upon acetylization

A

Sapogenins

88
Q

Poisonous saponins

A

Saotoxins

89
Q

Many are toxic to insects and mollusks and some have been used for controllig schistosomiasis snails
Many are used as fish poisons

A

Saponin glycosides

90
Q

Chemically can either be steroidal or triterpenoidal

A

Saponin glycosides

91
Q

Saponin glycosides has two chemical classes
-steroid

A

Diosgenin and botogenin most important plant steroids for the partial synthesis of steroid hormones -from the genus of dioscorea
Hecogenin manogenin and gitogenin from species of agave
Sitosterol from crude vegetable oil

92
Q

Have large number of carbon atoms C27 t C30 making them lipophilic

A

Triterpenoid saponins

93
Q

SaponinsHave been used experimentally to enhance the absorption of insulin from tje application of nasal aerosols.
Excellent emulsifiying agents and the aqueous solutions of some of them

A

Saponin glycosides

94
Q

Greek origin means sweet root
Also called licorice root
Dried rhizome and roots of glycyrrhiza glabra known as spanish licorice
G.glabra linne. Glandulifera known in commerce as russian licorice
Fabaceae
Other varieties ogG.glabra yield a yellow sweet wood
Glabr- smooth
Pod-like fruit species

A

Glycyrrhiza

95
Q

Licorice uses

A

Demulcent and expectorant
Flavoring agent mask bitter drgs such as aloe ammonium chloride and quinine
Surfactant
Added to chewing gums chocolate and cigarettes
Added to beers for increased foaminess
Iparts bitter taste when added to beer stout porter

96
Q

Saponin like glycosides
50 times as sweet as sugar
Hydrolysi the glycoside loses its sweet taste converted to aglycone glycyrrhetic cid plus 2 molecule of glucuronic acid
Patients with cardiac faiure should avoid

A

Glycyrrizin

97
Q

A pentacyclic triterpine derivative of the b amyrin type
Used as anti inflammatory agent

A

Glycyrrhetic acid

98
Q

Prepared by extracting coarsely ground licorice root ith warm water rendeering the extrative alkaline with NHOH conc an bringing to final volume with alcohol an water
It is a pharmaceutic aid

A

Glycyrrhiza fluidextract

Pcog (5 decks)

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