PCAT Study 1 Flashcards
Mutualism
A symbiosis where both organisms benefit
Commensalism
One organism benefits and the other is not harmed or aided
Hypothalamus
Structure of the brain that maintains homeostasis
Cerebellum
Located in the hindbrain, that plays a role movement and balance
Cerebral cortex
Processes sensory input, motor output, and most thought processes
Thalamus
The relay and integration center between the brain and periphery.
Hormones that the anterior pituitary gland synthesizes
Luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), prolactin, and growth hormone.
Secretion of estrogen and progesterone is stimulated by which two hormones?
FSH and LH
Glucocorticoid hormones
Any steroid hormone that is produced by the adrenal gland. Example: Cortisol
Insulin is released from which organ
Pancreas
Insulin is released in response to _____
High glucose levels in the blood
Sex linked traits are almost always on which chromosome?
X chromosome
The terminal ileum is part of which organ?
The small intestine
Cecum
The blind outpouching of the large intestine
What is the primary role of the transverse colon?
Absorption of water and ions
Light microscopy will show what characteristic of bacteria
General shape
Gram negative bacteria
Thin cell wall, and contains periplasmic space between lipopolysaccharide membrane
Thyroxine
A thyroid hormone secreted by the thyroid gland and plays a big role in metabolism.
Hypothyroidism can result in
Weight gain, fatigue, intolerance to cold, and swelling of the thyroid gland
Deficiency in aldosterone will affect
water and salt balance
Deficiency of estrogen will affect
menstrual cycle
Deficiency of cortisol will affect
Glucose metabolism and immune response
Tricuspid valve
Located between the right atrium and ventricle prevents backflow
Bicuspid valve
Also known as the mitral valve and is located between the left and right ventricle. Prevents backflow
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Regulates blood calcium
During the menstrual cycle, ovulation is triggered by a surge in which hormone?
LH
LH is secreted by which gland?
Anterior pituitary gland
Secretion of LH will cause an ______ in progesterone production
Increase
Secretion of LH will cause a _______ in gonadotropin releasing hormone releasing hormone
decrease
Gonadotropin releasing hormone is released by the
Hypothalamus
Maturation of the ovarian follicle is before or after the release of LH?
Before
Peroxisomes role in the cell
Lipid and carb metabolism and disposal of hydrogen peroxide
Alveoli
The site of gas exchange
Larynx
Voicebox
The 5 types of immunoglobulin are secreted from which type of cell?
Differentiated B lymphocytes
Cytotoxic T cells
Destroy antigens directly
Memory T cells
Enable the body to elicit a quicker response to future infections
Helper T cells
Stimulate other B and T cells
Axial skeleton contains
The skull, vertebral column and rib cage
If not in the axial skeleton a bone is part of the
Appendicular
Replication
Makes new DNA using the original DNA as the template
Transcription
The production of RNA from a DNA template
Post-transcriptional modification
Modifications made to an mRNA transcript after transcription has occurred. This includes removing introns and adding a poly(A) tail or a 5’ cap.
Cofactor
A molecule that an enzyme needs to help its enzymatic activity
All of the oxygen the oxygen from a catabolized glucose molecule will end up as
exhaled carbon dioxide, via the citric acid cycle
Beta cells in the pancreas secrete
insulin
How does insulin affect blood sugar levels
It lowers blood sugar levels
