Cellular Biology

Question 1

Development of the microscope happened in what century?

Answer 1

17th Century

Question 2

5 components of Cell Theory

Answer 2

All living things are composed of cells.

The cell is the basic functional unit of life.

The chemical reactions of life take place inside the cell.

Cells arise only from pre-existing cells.

Cells carry genetic information in the form of DNA. This information is passed from parent cell to daughter cell.

Question 3

True or false: The components of a cell are specialized in structure and function.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

What are the six kingdoms?

Answer 4

Bacteria

Archaea

Protista

Fungi

Plantae

Animalia

Question 5

What are the two types of cells?

Answer 5

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

Question 6

True or False: Prokaryotes have a membrane-bound nucleus

Answer 6

False

Question 7

The two most recent kingdoms are

Answer 7

Bacteria and Archaea, splitting the old Monera (Prokaryota) in half

Question 8

The Fluid Mosaic Model suggests:

Answer 8

The cell membrane is made of a phospholipid bilayer with proteins embedded throughout. The lipids and many of the proteins move freely in the membrane.

Question 9

Carrier Proteins

Answer 9

Help charged ions and larger charged molecules cross the cell membrane

Question 10

Nucleus

Answer 10

Controls activities of the cell including cell division. Contains DNA.

Question 11

Nucleolus

Answer 11

A dense structure in the nucleus where rRNA synthesis occurs

Question 12

Ribosome

Answer 12

The sites of protein production

Question 13

Where are ribosomes made?

Answer 13

Ribosomes are synthesized in the nucleolus

Question 14

Where can ribosomes be found?

Answer 14

Free ribosomes are found in the cytoplasm, whereas bound ribosomes lone the outer membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum

Question 15

What is the role of the endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 15

Transport of materials throughout the cell, particularly materials destined for secretion

Question 16

Smooth ER

Answer 16

No ribosomes, involved with metabolism and production of lipids

Question 17

Rough ER

Answer 17

Contains ribosomes, plays an important role in production of proteins

Question 18

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 18

Received vesicles from smooth ER, modifies them ( e.g. glycosylation), repackages them into vesicles, and exports them to the cell surface by exocitosis

Question 19

Mitochondria

Answer 19

The sites of aerobic respiration and the major suppliers of energy in the form of ATP. Mitochondria have outer and inner phospholipid bilayer.

Question 20

Cytoplasm

Answer 20

Most of the cell’s metabolic activity occurs in the Cytoplasm which includes the cytosol and all organelles.

Question 21

Cytosol

Answer 21

Cellular fluid

Question 22

Cyclosis

Answer 22

The circular streaming motion of cytoplasm that facilitates transportation within the cell.

Question 23

Vacuoles/Vesicles

Answer 23

Membrane-bound sacs involved in the transport and storage of materials that are ingested, secreted, processed, or digested by the cell.

Question 24

What is the difference between vacuoles and vesicles?

Answer 24

Vacuoles are bigger than vesicles, and are more likely to be found in plant than animal cells.

Question 25

Centrioles

Answer 25

Not found in plant cells, centrioles can be found oriented at right angles in a region called the centrosome.

Question 26

Lysosomes

Answer 26

Membrane-bound vesicles that contain hydrolytic enzymes involved in intracellular digestion.

Question 27

Autolysis

Answer 27

A process by which a cell "commits suicide" by rupturing the lysosome membrane and releasing it's hydrolytic enzymes.

Question 28

Cytoskeleton

Answer 28

Supports the cell, maintains it's shape, and aids in cell motility.

Question 29

What is the cytoskeleton made of?

Answer 29

Microtubules Microfilaments Intermediate filaments

Question 30

Microtubules

Answer 30

Hollow rods made up of polymerized tubulin that radiate throughout the cell and provide it with support.

Question 31

True or false: Microtubules provide a framework for organelle movement within the cell.

Answer 31

True

Question 32

True or false: Centrioles, cilia, and flagella are all composed of microtubules.

Answer 32

True

Question 33

Two structures that exemplify microtubule involvement in cell motility are:

Answer 33

Cilia and Flagella

Question 34

Microfilaments

Answer 34

Solid rods of actin, which are important in cell movement and support

Question 35

Two examples of microfilaments moving materials across a cell membrane

Answer 35

The contraction phase of cell division, amoeboid movement

Question 36

Simple diffusion

Answer 36

The net movement of dissolved particles down their concentration gradients.

Question 37

Osmosis

Answer 37

The simple diffusion of water from a region of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration

Question 38

When the cytoplasm of a cell has a lower solute concentration than the extracellular medium, the medium is said to be

Answer 38

Hypertonic

Question 39

If a cell is in a hypotonic solution, water will flow ____ of the cell

Answer 39

Into

Question 40

Plasmolysis

Answer 40

When a cell is in a hypertonic solution and water leaves the cell causing it to shrivel

Question 41

Will a cell lyse in a hypertonic or hypotonic solution?

Answer 41

Hypotonic

Question 42

Will a cell experience plasmolysis in a hypertonic or hypotonic solution?

Answer 42

Hypertonic

Question 43

If a cell is ________ to the solution it is in, water will flow back and forth in equal amounts across the cell membrane.

Answer 43

Isotonic

Question 44

Facilitated diffusion

Answer 44

The net movement of dissolved particles down their concentration gradient through special channels or carrier proteins in the cell membrane.

Question 45

True or false: Facilitated diffusion requires energy

Answer 45

False

Question 46

Active transport

Answer 46

The net movement of dissolved particles against their concentration gradients with the help of transport proteins.

Question 47

True or false: Active transport does not require energy

Answer 47

False

Question 48

True or false: Carrier molecules and transport proteins aid in the regulation of the cell's internal content of ions and large molecules.

Answer 48

True

Question 49

Energy-independent carriers

Answer 49

Facilitate the movement of compounds along a concentration gradient

Question 50

Symporters

Answer 50

Move two or more ions or molecules in the same direction across the membrane

Question 51

Antiporters

Answer 51

Exchange one or more ions (or molecules) for another ion or molecule across the membrane.

Question 52

Pumps

Answer 52

Energy-dependent carriers

Question 53

Endocytosis

Answer 53

The process by which the cell membrane invaginates, forming a vesicle that contains extracellular medium.

Question 54

Pinocytosis

Answer 54

The ingestion of fluids or small particles

Question 55

Phagocytosis

Answer 55

The engulfing of large particles. Particles sometimes bind to receptors on the cell membrane before being engulfed

Question 56

Exocytosis

Answer 56

A vesicle within the cell fuses with the cell membrane and releases a large volume of contents to the outside.

Question 57

True or false: Neurons often release neurotransmitters by way of exocytosis

Answer 57

True

Question 58

True or false: During exocytosis and endocytosis molecules are transported through the cell membrane.

Answer 58

False

Question 59

The three main modes of intracellular circulation

Answer 59

Brownian Movement Cyclosis or streaming Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question 60

Brownian Movement

Answer 60

Kinetic energy spreads small suspended particles throughout the cytoplasm of the cell

Question 61

How does the Endoplasmic reticulum facilitate movement within the cell?

Answer 61

The ER form a network of channels throughout the cytoplasm and provides a direct continuous passageway from the plasma membrane to the nuclear membrane.

Question 62

Two modes of extracellular circulation

Answer 62

Diffusion | Circulatory system

Question 63

Cell Division

Answer 63

The process by which a cell doubles its organelles and cytoplasm, replicates its DNA, and then divides in two.

Question 64

True or false: Cell division means reproduction for multicellular organisms.

Answer 64

False

Question 65

True or false: Cell division means growth, development or repair for multicellular organisms

Answer 65

True

Question 66

True or false: Both meiosis and mitosis are courses of cell division

Answer 66

True

Question 67

True or false: Both meiosis and mitosis are preceded by interphase

Answer 67

True

Question 68

Cell Cycle

Answer 68

The entire series of events leading to cellular replication

Question 69

Interphase

Answer 69

A period of growth and chromosome replication. During this period the cell performs it's normal cellular functions, and each chromosome is replicated.

Question 70

The three components of interphase:

Answer 70

G1, S, G2

Question 71

G1

Answer 71

The initial phase of interphase where the cell grows and increases in size and synthesizes proteins.

Question 72

True or false: The length of G1 determines the length of the entire cell cycle

Answer 72

True

Question 73

S

Answer 73

This is the period of DNA synthesis

Question 74

G2

Answer 74

The cell prepares to divide. It grows and synthesizes proteins

Question 75

M

Answer 75

Mitosis or meiosis. This results in 2 identical or 4 non-identical daughter cells.