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PCAT > Cellular Biology > Flashcards

Cellular Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Development of the microscope happened in what century?

A

17th Century

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2
Q

5 components of Cell Theory

A

All living things are composed of cells.

The cell is the basic functional unit of life.

The chemical reactions of life take place inside the cell.

Cells arise only from pre-existing cells.

Cells carry genetic information in the form of DNA. This information is passed from parent cell to daughter cell.

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3
Q

True or false: The components of a cell are specialized in structure and function.

A

True

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4
Q

What are the six kingdoms?

A

Bacteria

Archaea

Protista

Fungi

Plantae

Animalia

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5
Q

What are the two types of cells?

A

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

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6
Q

True or False: Prokaryotes have a membrane-bound nucleus

A

False

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7
Q

The two most recent kingdoms are

A

Bacteria and Archaea, splitting the old Monera (Prokaryota) in half

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8
Q

The Fluid Mosaic Model suggests:

A

The cell membrane is made of a phospholipid bilayer with proteins embedded throughout. The lipids and many of the proteins move freely in the membrane.

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9
Q

Carrier Proteins

A

Help charged ions and larger charged molecules cross the cell membrane

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10
Q

Nucleus

A

Controls activities of the cell including cell division. Contains DNA.

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11
Q

Nucleolus

A

A dense structure in the nucleus where rRNA synthesis occurs

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12
Q

Ribosome

A

The sites of protein production

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13
Q

Where are ribosomes made?

A

Ribosomes are synthesized in the nucleolus

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14
Q

Where can ribosomes be found?

A

Free ribosomes are found in the cytoplasm, whereas bound ribosomes lone the outer membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum

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15
Q

What is the role of the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Transport of materials throughout the cell, particularly materials destined for secretion

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16
Q

Smooth ER

A

No ribosomes, involved with metabolism and production of lipids

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17
Q

Rough ER

A

Contains ribosomes, plays an important role in production of proteins

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18
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Received vesicles from smooth ER, modifies them ( e.g. glycosylation), repackages them into vesicles, and exports them to the cell surface by exocitosis

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19
Q

Mitochondria

A

The sites of aerobic respiration and the major suppliers of energy in the form of ATP. Mitochondria have outer and inner phospholipid bilayer.

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20
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Most of the cell’s metabolic activity occurs in the Cytoplasm which includes the cytosol and all organelles.

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21
Q

Cytosol

A

Cellular fluid

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22
Q

Cyclosis

A

The circular streaming motion of cytoplasm that facilitates transportation within the cell.

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23
Q

Vacuoles/Vesicles

A

Membrane-bound sacs involved in the transport and storage of materials that are ingested, secreted, processed, or digested by the cell.

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24
Q

What is the difference between vacuoles and vesicles?

A

Vacuoles are bigger than vesicles, and are more likely to be found in plant than animal cells.

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25
Q

Centrioles

A

Not found in plant cells, centrioles can be found oriented at right angles in a region called the centrosome.

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26
Q

Lysosomes

A

Membrane-bound vesicles that contain hydrolytic enzymes involved in intracellular digestion.

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27
Q

Autolysis

A

A process by which a cell “commits suicide” by rupturing the lysosome membrane and releasing it’s hydrolytic enzymes.

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28
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Supports the cell, maintains it’s shape, and aids in cell motility.

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29
Q

What is the cytoskeleton made of?

A

Microtubules
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments

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30
Q

Microtubules

A

Hollow rods made up of polymerized tubulin that radiate throughout the cell and provide it with support.

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31
Q

True or false: Microtubules provide a framework for organelle movement within the cell.

A

True

32
Q

True or false: Centrioles, cilia, and flagella are all composed of microtubules.

A

True

33
Q

Two structures that exemplify microtubule involvement in cell motility are:

A

Cilia and Flagella

34
Q

Microfilaments

A

Solid rods of actin, which are important in cell movement and support

35
Q

Two examples of microfilaments moving materials across a cell membrane

A

The contraction phase of cell division, amoeboid movement

36
Q

Simple diffusion

A

The net movement of dissolved particles down their concentration gradients.

37
Q

Osmosis

A

The simple diffusion of water from a region of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration

38
Q

When the cytoplasm of a cell has a lower solute concentration than the extracellular medium, the medium is said to be

A

Hypertonic

39
Q

If a cell is in a hypotonic solution, water will flow ____ of the cell

A

Into

40
Q

Plasmolysis

A

When a cell is in a hypertonic solution and water leaves the cell causing it to shrivel

41
Q

Will a cell lyse in a hypertonic or hypotonic solution?

A

Hypotonic

42
Q

Will a cell experience plasmolysis in a hypertonic or hypotonic solution?

A

Hypertonic

43
Q

If a cell is ________ to the solution it is in, water will flow back and forth in equal amounts across the cell membrane.

A

Isotonic

44
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

The net movement of dissolved particles down their concentration gradient through special channels or carrier proteins in the cell membrane.

45
Q

True or false: Facilitated diffusion requires energy

A

False

46
Q

Active transport

A

The net movement of dissolved particles against their concentration gradients with the help of transport proteins.

47
Q

True or false: Active transport does not require energy

A

False

48
Q

True or false: Carrier molecules and transport proteins aid in the regulation of the cell’s internal content of ions and large molecules.

A

True

49
Q

Energy-independent carriers

A

Facilitate the movement of compounds along a concentration gradient

50
Q

Symporters

A

Move two or more ions or molecules in the same direction across the membrane

51
Q

Antiporters

A

Exchange one or more ions (or molecules) for another ion or molecule across the membrane.

52
Q

Pumps

A

Energy-dependent carriers

53
Q

Endocytosis

A

The process by which the cell membrane invaginates, forming a vesicle that contains extracellular medium.

54
Q

Pinocytosis

A

The ingestion of fluids or small particles

55
Q

Phagocytosis

A

The engulfing of large particles. Particles sometimes bind to receptors on the cell membrane before being engulfed

56
Q

Exocytosis

A

A vesicle within the cell fuses with the cell membrane and releases a large volume of contents to the outside.

57
Q

True or false: Neurons often release neurotransmitters by way of exocytosis

A

True

58
Q

True or false: During exocytosis and endocytosis molecules are transported through the cell membrane.

A

False

59
Q

The three main modes of intracellular circulation

A

Brownian Movement
Cyclosis or streaming
Endoplasmic Reticulum

60
Q

Brownian Movement

A

Kinetic energy spreads small suspended particles throughout the cytoplasm of the cell

61
Q

How does the Endoplasmic reticulum facilitate movement within the cell?

A

The ER form a network of channels throughout the cytoplasm and provides a direct continuous passageway from the plasma membrane to the nuclear membrane.

62
Q

Two modes of extracellular circulation

A

Diffusion

Circulatory system

63
Q

Cell Division

A

The process by which a cell doubles its organelles and cytoplasm, replicates its DNA, and then divides in two.

64
Q

True or false: Cell division means reproduction for multicellular organisms.

A

False

65
Q

True or false: Cell division means growth, development or repair for multicellular organisms

A

True

66
Q

True or false: Both meiosis and mitosis are courses of cell division

A

True

67
Q

True or false: Both meiosis and mitosis are preceded by interphase

A

True

68
Q

Cell Cycle

A

The entire series of events leading to cellular replication

69
Q

Interphase

A

A period of growth and chromosome replication. During this period the cell performs it’s normal cellular functions, and each chromosome is replicated.

70
Q

The three components of interphase:

A

G1, S, G2

71
Q

G1

A

The initial phase of interphase where the cell grows and increases in size and synthesizes proteins.

72
Q

True or false: The length of G1 determines the length of the entire cell cycle

A

True

73
Q

S

A

This is the period of DNA synthesis

74
Q

G2

A

The cell prepares to divide. It grows and synthesizes proteins

75
Q

M

A

Mitosis or meiosis. This results in 2 identical or 4 non-identical daughter cells.

PCAT (12 decks)

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