Cellular Biology Flashcards
Development of the microscope happened in what century?
17th Century
5 components of Cell Theory
All living things are composed of cells.
The cell is the basic functional unit of life.
The chemical reactions of life take place inside the cell.
Cells arise only from pre-existing cells.
Cells carry genetic information in the form of DNA. This information is passed from parent cell to daughter cell.
True or false: The components of a cell are specialized in structure and function.
True
What are the six kingdoms?
Bacteria
Archaea
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
What are the two types of cells?
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
True or False: Prokaryotes have a membrane-bound nucleus
False
The two most recent kingdoms are
Bacteria and Archaea, splitting the old Monera (Prokaryota) in half
The Fluid Mosaic Model suggests:
The cell membrane is made of a phospholipid bilayer with proteins embedded throughout. The lipids and many of the proteins move freely in the membrane.
Carrier Proteins
Help charged ions and larger charged molecules cross the cell membrane
Nucleus
Controls activities of the cell including cell division. Contains DNA.
Nucleolus
A dense structure in the nucleus where rRNA synthesis occurs
Ribosome
The sites of protein production
Where are ribosomes made?
Ribosomes are synthesized in the nucleolus
Where can ribosomes be found?
Free ribosomes are found in the cytoplasm, whereas bound ribosomes lone the outer membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum
What is the role of the endoplasmic reticulum?
Transport of materials throughout the cell, particularly materials destined for secretion
Smooth ER
No ribosomes, involved with metabolism and production of lipids
Rough ER
Contains ribosomes, plays an important role in production of proteins
Golgi Apparatus
Received vesicles from smooth ER, modifies them ( e.g. glycosylation), repackages them into vesicles, and exports them to the cell surface by exocitosis
Mitochondria
The sites of aerobic respiration and the major suppliers of energy in the form of ATP. Mitochondria have outer and inner phospholipid bilayer.
Cytoplasm
Most of the cell’s metabolic activity occurs in the Cytoplasm which includes the cytosol and all organelles.
Cytosol
Cellular fluid
Cyclosis
The circular streaming motion of cytoplasm that facilitates transportation within the cell.
Vacuoles/Vesicles
Membrane-bound sacs involved in the transport and storage of materials that are ingested, secreted, processed, or digested by the cell.
What is the difference between vacuoles and vesicles?
Vacuoles are bigger than vesicles, and are more likely to be found in plant than animal cells.
Centrioles
Not found in plant cells, centrioles can be found oriented at right angles in a region called the centrosome.
Lysosomes
Membrane-bound vesicles that contain hydrolytic enzymes involved in intracellular digestion.
Autolysis
A process by which a cell “commits suicide” by rupturing the lysosome membrane and releasing it’s hydrolytic enzymes.
Cytoskeleton
Supports the cell, maintains it’s shape, and aids in cell motility.
What is the cytoskeleton made of?
Microtubules
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules
Hollow rods made up of polymerized tubulin that radiate throughout the cell and provide it with support.
True or false: Microtubules provide a framework for organelle movement within the cell.
True
True or false: Centrioles, cilia, and flagella are all composed of microtubules.
True
Two structures that exemplify microtubule involvement in cell motility are:
Cilia and Flagella
Microfilaments
Solid rods of actin, which are important in cell movement and support
Two examples of microfilaments moving materials across a cell membrane
The contraction phase of cell division, amoeboid movement
Simple diffusion
The net movement of dissolved particles down their concentration gradients.
Osmosis
The simple diffusion of water from a region of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration
When the cytoplasm of a cell has a lower solute concentration than the extracellular medium, the medium is said to be
Hypertonic
If a cell is in a hypotonic solution, water will flow ____ of the cell
Into
Plasmolysis
When a cell is in a hypertonic solution and water leaves the cell causing it to shrivel
Will a cell lyse in a hypertonic or hypotonic solution?
Hypotonic
Will a cell experience plasmolysis in a hypertonic or hypotonic solution?
Hypertonic
If a cell is ________ to the solution it is in, water will flow back and forth in equal amounts across the cell membrane.
Isotonic
Facilitated diffusion
The net movement of dissolved particles down their concentration gradient through special channels or carrier proteins in the cell membrane.
True or false: Facilitated diffusion requires energy
False
Active transport
The net movement of dissolved particles against their concentration gradients with the help of transport proteins.
True or false: Active transport does not require energy
False
True or false: Carrier molecules and transport proteins aid in the regulation of the cell’s internal content of ions and large molecules.
True
Energy-independent carriers
Facilitate the movement of compounds along a concentration gradient
Symporters
Move two or more ions or molecules in the same direction across the membrane
Antiporters
Exchange one or more ions (or molecules) for another ion or molecule across the membrane.
Pumps
Energy-dependent carriers
Endocytosis
The process by which the cell membrane invaginates, forming a vesicle that contains extracellular medium.
Pinocytosis
The ingestion of fluids or small particles
Phagocytosis
The engulfing of large particles. Particles sometimes bind to receptors on the cell membrane before being engulfed
Exocytosis
A vesicle within the cell fuses with the cell membrane and releases a large volume of contents to the outside.
True or false: Neurons often release neurotransmitters by way of exocytosis
True
True or false: During exocytosis and endocytosis molecules are transported through the cell membrane.
False
The three main modes of intracellular circulation
Brownian Movement
Cyclosis or streaming
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Brownian Movement
Kinetic energy spreads small suspended particles throughout the cytoplasm of the cell
How does the Endoplasmic reticulum facilitate movement within the cell?
The ER form a network of channels throughout the cytoplasm and provides a direct continuous passageway from the plasma membrane to the nuclear membrane.
Two modes of extracellular circulation
Diffusion
Circulatory system
Cell Division
The process by which a cell doubles its organelles and cytoplasm, replicates its DNA, and then divides in two.
True or false: Cell division means reproduction for multicellular organisms.
False
True or false: Cell division means growth, development or repair for multicellular organisms
True
True or false: Both meiosis and mitosis are courses of cell division
True
True or false: Both meiosis and mitosis are preceded by interphase
True
Cell Cycle
The entire series of events leading to cellular replication
Interphase
A period of growth and chromosome replication. During this period the cell performs it’s normal cellular functions, and each chromosome is replicated.
The three components of interphase:
G1, S, G2
G1
The initial phase of interphase where the cell grows and increases in size and synthesizes proteins.
True or false: The length of G1 determines the length of the entire cell cycle
True
S
This is the period of DNA synthesis
G2
The cell prepares to divide. It grows and synthesizes proteins
M
Mitosis or meiosis. This results in 2 identical or 4 non-identical daughter cells.
