PBL

Question 1

What are the small blood vessels and arteries called in the walls of the larger arteries and what layer are they present in

Answer 1

Vasa Vasorum
Nervi vasorum
Tunica media

Question 2

What are the deepest veins of the heart

Answer 2

thebesian veins

Question 3

What are the layers of arteries and veins (deep to superficial)

Answer 3

Tunica intima,Tunica media, Tunica externa

Question 4

What layer prevents the veins on your hand from being moved around disrupting blood flow

Answer 4

Tunica externa

Question 5

What are the 3 types of capillaries

Answer 5

continous, fenestrated, sinusoid

Question 6

What are the differences in continous, fenestrated and sinusoid capillaries

Answer 6

Continious are the most common and there are tight junctions between cells
Fenestrated has pores in the lining in addition to tight junctions
Sinusoid capillaries are flattened nd have gaps fam - used in the lymph nodes

Question 7

atheroma what is it

Answer 7

accumulation of intracellular and extracellular lipids in the tunita intima of large and medium sized arteries

Question 8

Name a few common FH genetic variations in genes involved in LDL cholesterol metabolism and what is the most common

Answer 8

PCSK9, Apo E, LDLR, Apo B

LDLR

Question 9

What is ApoB (apolipoprotein B)

Answer 9

part of the LDL that binds with the receptor

Question 10

What does the LDLR gene code for

Answer 10

LDL receptor protein

Question 11

What would being hetrozygous for the LDLR gene do

Answer 11

may develope premature cardiovascular disease at age 30-40

Question 12

What would being homozygous for the LDLR gene do

Answer 12

Severe cardiovascular disease in childhood

Question 13

What is heterozygous FH normally treated with

Answer 13

Bile acid sequestrants or lipid lowering agents.

Question 14

Does homozygous FH respond well to treatment

Answer 14

no fam

Question 15

What is type 2 FH

Answer 15

LDL receptor defect

Question 16

in big fatties what is proportional to excess body weight and what does this lead to

Answer 16

stroke volume , Left ventricular failure

Question 17

What is the difference between angina and MI (myocardial infarction)

Answer 17

Angina is the medical term for chest pain and normally a combination of an obstruction of the coronary arteries and exercise and the heart muscle cant beat as much so it causes pain to the muscle. MI is when the coronary arteries become severely narrowed or blocked and cell damage starts in the death of the heart which results in permanent damage to the heart muscle.

Question 18

What can help with a heart attack

Answer 18

Aspirin can prevent any further clotting and GNT dilates the blood vessels and allows increased blood flow to the heart, Morphine is used to pain and a stent may be placed to open up the artery.

Question 19

What is stable angina

Answer 19

Provoked by physical exertion or anger or cold weather ( vasoconstriction ) and goes away within minutes at rest

Question 20

What is unstable angina (pre infarction)

Answer 20

This refers to increasingly frequent pain at physical exercise or even at test, due to a disruption of a athero plaque

Question 21

What is Decubitus angina

Answer 21

Angina lying down

Question 22

What is nocturnal angina

Answer 22

occours at night dick head and may wake the patient from sleep, can provoke vivid dreams

Question 23

What is Varlant angina

Answer 23

Angina without provocation and occours at res tas a result of coronary artery spasm - responds quickly to vasodilators

Question 24

where does angina chest pain be felt brother

Answer 24

left arm, neck, jaw or back

Question 25

what is angina a warning sign of

Answer 25

stroke or heart attacks

Question 26

What medication is taken for ANGINA

Answer 26

Aspirin - to prevent blood clots
Statins - to reduce cholesterol level
ACE inhibitors - reduce blood pressure

Question 27

What can a heart attack cause in terms of nerve stimulation

Answer 27

Vasovagal response in some people thus drop in blood pressure

SNS to go into overdrive thus Blood pressure increase

Question 28

What is troponin

Answer 28

regulatory proteins within the myocardium that are released into the circulation when damage to the myocyte has occoured.

Question 29

What does ischemia mean

Answer 29

inadequate blood supply to an organ

Question 30

What is an MI

Answer 30

myocardial necrosis in combination with clinical evidence of myocardial ischemia

Question 31

What are the types of MI

Answer 31

STEMI

NSTEMI

Question 32

STEMI
NSTEMI
differences

Answer 32

ST segment elevation myocardial infraction
Most serious sype of heart attack where there is a long interruption to the blood supply usually LAD - Transmural infarct

Non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction less serious and blood supply of heart may only be partially damaged. There is no perminant damage - subendocardial infarct

Question 33

What is unstable angina

Answer 33

least serious type and blood supply is still restricted but there is no permanent damage so the heart muscle is preserved

Question 34

What is cardiac catheterization

Answer 34

invasive diagnostic procedure that provides important information about the structure and function of the heart. Helps to diagnose angina Mi and plan surgical intervention.

Question 35

What is an angioplasty (PTCA)

Answer 35

the procedure used to widen blocked or narrow arteries a balloon is inflated and sometimes a stent is left

Question 36

What are the steps of an athcelorisis fam

Answer 36

1) endothelial dysfunction, 2) formation of lipid layer or fatty streak within the intima, 3) migration of leukocytes and smooth muscle cells into the vessel wall, 4) foam cell formation and 5) degradation of the extracellular matrix.

Question 37

What is thrombosis

Answer 37

a blood clot