PBL Flashcards
yer fam
What are the small blood vessels and arteries called in the walls of the larger arteries and what layer are they present in
Vasa Vasorum
Nervi vasorum
Tunica media
What are the deepest veins of the heart
thebesian veins
What are the layers of arteries and veins (deep to superficial)
Tunica intima,Tunica media, Tunica externa
What layer prevents the veins on your hand from being moved around disrupting blood flow
Tunica externa
What are the 3 types of capillaries
continous, fenestrated, sinusoid
What are the differences in continous, fenestrated and sinusoid capillaries
Continious are the most common and there are tight junctions between cells
Fenestrated has pores in the lining in addition to tight junctions
Sinusoid capillaries are flattened nd have gaps fam - used in the lymph nodes
atheroma what is it
accumulation of intracellular and extracellular lipids in the tunita intima of large and medium sized arteries
Name a few common FH genetic variations in genes involved in LDL cholesterol metabolism and what is the most common
PCSK9, Apo E, LDLR, Apo B
LDLR
What is ApoB (apolipoprotein B)
part of the LDL that binds with the receptor
What does the LDLR gene code for
LDL receptor protein
What would being hetrozygous for the LDLR gene do
may develope premature cardiovascular disease at age 30-40
What would being homozygous for the LDLR gene do
Severe cardiovascular disease in childhood
What is heterozygous FH normally treated with
Bile acid sequestrants or lipid lowering agents.
Does homozygous FH respond well to treatment
no fam
What is type 2 FH
LDL receptor defect
in big fatties what is proportional to excess body weight and what does this lead to
stroke volume , Left ventricular failure
What is the difference between angina and MI (myocardial infarction)
Angina is the medical term for chest pain and normally a combination of an obstruction of the coronary arteries and exercise and the heart muscle cant beat as much so it causes pain to the muscle. MI is when the coronary arteries become severely narrowed or blocked and cell damage starts in the death of the heart which results in permanent damage to the heart muscle.
What can help with a heart attack
Aspirin can prevent any further clotting and GNT dilates the blood vessels and allows increased blood flow to the heart, Morphine is used to pain and a stent may be placed to open up the artery.
What is stable angina
Provoked by physical exertion or anger or cold weather ( vasoconstriction ) and goes away within minutes at rest
What is unstable angina (pre infarction)
This refers to increasingly frequent pain at physical exercise or even at test, due to a disruption of a athero plaque
What is Decubitus angina
Angina lying down
What is nocturnal angina
occours at night dick head and may wake the patient from sleep, can provoke vivid dreams
What is Varlant angina
Angina without provocation and occours at res tas a result of coronary artery spasm - responds quickly to vasodilators
where does angina chest pain be felt brother
left arm, neck, jaw or back
what is angina a warning sign of
stroke or heart attacks
What medication is taken for ANGINA
Aspirin - to prevent blood clots
Statins - to reduce cholesterol level
ACE inhibitors - reduce blood pressure
What can a heart attack cause in terms of nerve stimulation
Vasovagal response in some people thus drop in blood pressure
SNS to go into overdrive thus Blood pressure increase
What is troponin
regulatory proteins within the myocardium that are released into the circulation when damage to the myocyte has occoured.
What does ischemia mean
inadequate blood supply to an organ
What is an MI
myocardial necrosis in combination with clinical evidence of myocardial ischemia
What are the types of MI
STEMI
NSTEMI
STEMI
NSTEMI
differences
ST segment elevation myocardial infraction
Most serious sype of heart attack where there is a long interruption to the blood supply usually LAD - Transmural infarct
Non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction less serious and blood supply of heart may only be partially damaged. There is no perminant damage - subendocardial infarct
What is unstable angina
least serious type and blood supply is still restricted but there is no permanent damage so the heart muscle is preserved
What is cardiac catheterization
invasive diagnostic procedure that provides important information about the structure and function of the heart. Helps to diagnose angina Mi and plan surgical intervention.
What is an angioplasty (PTCA)
the procedure used to widen blocked or narrow arteries a balloon is inflated and sometimes a stent is left
What are the steps of an athcelorisis fam
1) endothelial dysfunction, 2) formation of lipid layer or fatty streak within the intima, 3) migration of leukocytes and smooth muscle cells into the vessel wall, 4) foam cell formation and 5) degradation of the extracellular matrix.
What is thrombosis
a blood clot
