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Sem 2 Case 7 > PBL 7 > Flashcards

PBL 7 Flashcards

what is life

1
Q

What is blood made up of

A

RBC,WBC and platelets and plasma

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2
Q

What are red blood cells known as

A

erythrocytes

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3
Q

What are platelets

A

small membrane-bound cell fragments that contain enzymes and other substances important to clotting

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4
Q

What are plasma proteins

A

Alubiums
Globulins
Fibrinogen
other substances - hormones ect

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5
Q

What are albumins

A

60% of the plasma and are the most abundant and contributor to osmotic pressure BCOP

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6
Q

What is the serum test

A

Measure of the abundance of albumin

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7
Q

What are the granular leukocytes

A

Neutrophils, Eosinophils and basophils

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8
Q

What are the Agranular leukocytes

A

Lymphocytes and monocytes

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9
Q

Where does haematopoiesis occur prior to birth

A

Yolk sack, foetal liver, spleen, lymph and eventually red bone marrow

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10
Q

Following birth where does haematopoiesis occour

A

red marrow in cranial and pelvic bones

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11
Q

What is red marrow

A

connective tissue within the spaces of spongy (cancellous) bone tissue

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12
Q

What helps make formed elements

A

Liver and spleen

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13
Q

If bone cancer occours and destroys the bone marrow causing hemopoiesis to fail what may happen

A

extramedullary hemopoiesis may be initiated.

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14
Q

What does EPO stand for

A

Erythropoietin

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15
Q

What is EPO (erythropoietin)

A

glycoprotein hormone secreted by the interstitial fibroblast cells of the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels. It stimulates the production of erythrocytes ( red blood cells)

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16
Q

What stimulates EPO to be made

A

low oxygen levels

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17
Q

What does Thrombopoietin do

A

It is yet another fucking glycoprotein and it is produced by something called a “liver” and “KiDnEyS” and triggers the development of megakaryocytes into platelets

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18
Q

WHat are Cytokines

A

Glycoproteins secreted by a wide variety of cells including red bone marrow and include colony stimulating factors which help with differentiation and interleukins which help produce differentiation within the immune system

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19
Q

What do Lymphoid stem cells give rise to

A

Leukocytes which include NK cells and T and B cells

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20
Q

How is a RBC formed (erythrocyte)

A 
Multipotent stem cell 
Myeloid stem cell 
Proerythroblast
Basophillic erythroblast
Polychromatophillic erythroblast
Normoblast (expells nucleus)
Reticulocyte
Mature red blood cell (erythrocyte)
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21
Q

What is the functional lifespan of a erythrocyte

A

100-120 days

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22
Q

What is senescence

A

When the red blood cell undergoes a conformational change in its plasma membrane thus making it recognisable to macrophages and then subsequent phagocytosis

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23
Q

What is the heme constituent of Hb broken down into

A

Fe3+ and biliverdin

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24
Q

What is biliverdin reduced to

A

bilirubin

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25
Q

What does bilirubin bind to and where does it go

A

albumin and the “LEVER” - scottish accent needed for maximum potency of dad joke

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26
Q

What does iron travel along the blood weeeeee with

A

transferrin

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27
Q

What is hemolyzed Hb bound to

A

haptoglobin

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28
Q

What is the spleen divided into

A

Red pulp and white pulp

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29
Q

What does white pulp do

A

infection-fighting lymphoid tissue where WBC are produced and mature

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30
Q

What is white pulp made up of

A

PALS - periarteriolear lymphoid sheaths and lymphatic nodules

31
Q

What does Red pulp do

A

reservoir for blood and components - phagocytes and platelets

32
Q

How does the liver support blood clots

A

Vitamin K is necessary for the creation of certain coagulants
Bile is important for clotting

33
Q

What absorbs and metabolises bilirubin

A

“LEVER” - scottish accent needed for maximum potency of dad joke

34
Q

What filters the blood

A

“LEVER”- scottish accent needed for maximum potency of dad joke

35
Q

What produces Albumin

A

“LEVER”- scottish accent needed for maximum potency of dad joke

36
Q

What synthesis (produces) angiotensinogen

A

“LEVER”- scottish accent needed for maximum potency of dad joke

37
Q

What are the normal variants of Hb from

A

Alpha and Beta chain

38
Q

What is the structure of a Hb molecule

A

four heme groups surrounding a globin group

39
Q

Where are platelets produced

A

in the bone marrow

40
Q

What hormone causes a megakaryocyte to fragment into 1000 yes english platelets

A

Thrombopoietin (TPO)

41
Q

What do platelets contain

A

Proteins on their surface and granules that can secrete other proteins

42
Q

What is the lightest component of blood

A

platelets

43
Q

How often can men and women give blood

A

men every 12 weeks

women every 16 weeks

44
Q

why are men better donors

A

Men are better donors because their additional body weight means they have suitable iron levels and are less likely than women to carry certain immune cells meaning their plasma is more widely usable for transfusions and their platelet count is typically higher meaning they are more likely to be accepted as platelet donor.

45
Q

Explain the ABO blood group

A

The ABO blood grouping is all about the presence of absence of TWO antigen, A and B. They are both glycoproteins and people with A antigens on their erythrocyte membrane surfaces are A and those with B on the surface are B. If they have BOTH AB on their erythrocyte then they are AB and if they have neither they are O.

46
Q

Explain the Rh blood group system

A

Antigen discovered on erythrocytes and those who have Rh D antigen are positive (85%) and non Rh D are Rh negative

47
Q

What can prevent the development of Rh antibodies in the mother

A

RhoGAM

48
Q

How does RhoGAM work

A

RhoGAM antibodies destroy any foetal Rh+ erythrocytes that may cross the placental barrier. RhoGAM is normally administered to Rh− mothers during weeks 26−28 of pregnancy and within 72 hours following birth.

49
Q

How is the ABO system inherited

A

ABO gene which is found on chromosome 9. A and B alleles are codominant. O is recessive.

50
Q

How is Rh blood group inherited

A

Rh blood group system is attributed to two genes, RHD and RHCE which are located on chromosome 1. RDH gene is dominant. RHCE is recessive .

51
Q

What is . Hereditary hemochromatosis

A

a genetic disorder that can result in iron overload.

52
Q

What is Phlebotomy

A

blood removal

53
Q

What is iron chelation

A

removal of iron using specific drugs

54
Q

What may happen as a result of a blood transfusion

A

anaphylaxis

55
Q

What are the 2 classification of anaemia

A

Size and number of RBC

56
Q

When based on RBC size anemia what are the 3 types

A

Microlitic anaemia SMALL
Normocytic anaemia MEDIUM
Macrocytic anaemia LARGE

57
Q

What is Microlitic anaemia

A

Iron deficiency - May be an iron deficiency or transfer of increased transferrin thus less is stored with Ferritin

58
Q

What is the fucking difference between ferritin and transferrin

A

Transferrin - Transports iron through the blood

Ferritin - Stored Iron so the body can use it

59
Q

What is normocytic anaemia

A

Anaemia of a chronic disease
Sickle cell anaemia: Genetic variation in b globin chain of Hb molecule, Hb molecule becomes unstable in low oxygen conditions leading to formation of insoluble rigid chains

60
Q

What is Macrocytic anaemia

A

Vitamin B12 deficiency which is needed for RBC’s to Condense their DNA

61
Q

What is MCV (mean corpuscular volume)

A

Average volume of red cells

62
Q

What can act as a buffer for ion deficiency

A

Ferratin as it releases Ion in a controlled fashion .

63
Q

What is the treatment of anaemia

A

Ferrous sulphate is the gold standard and provides iron which then combines with Hb

64
Q

If symptoms become severe what could be given for anemia

A

Injections of synthetic erythropoietin

65
Q

Where does foetal haematopoiesis occour

A

Yolk sack untill placenta is fully developed

66
Q

What happens with the first breaths of air

A

Ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale close and the blood flows through the heart like an adults

67
Q

What is the most common problem with pregnancy to do with the ABO system

A

Jaundice

68
Q

What is jaundice

A

Too much bilirubin

69
Q

What does an Anti-D injections

A

When a women with RhD Negatice is exposed to RhD positive baby the antibodies can cross the placenta and destroy the baby and an the injections help to remove the RhD foetal blood cells before they can cause sensitisation.

70
Q

What is the keilhauer’s test

A

Blood test used to measure the amount of fetal Hb transferred from a fetus to a mothers bloodstream.

71
Q

What is glandular fever caused by

A

Epstein-barr virus EBV

72
Q

What can glandular fever cause

A

Swollen spleen

73
Q

What is altruism

A

Disinterested and selfless concern for the well being of others

Sem 2 Case 7 (8 decks)

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