PBL 7 Flashcards
what is life
What is blood made up of
RBC,WBC and platelets and plasma
What are red blood cells known as
erythrocytes
What are platelets
small membrane-bound cell fragments that contain enzymes and other substances important to clotting
What are plasma proteins
Alubiums
Globulins
Fibrinogen
other substances - hormones ect
What are albumins
60% of the plasma and are the most abundant and contributor to osmotic pressure BCOP
What is the serum test
Measure of the abundance of albumin
What are the granular leukocytes
Neutrophils, Eosinophils and basophils
What are the Agranular leukocytes
Lymphocytes and monocytes
Where does haematopoiesis occur prior to birth
Yolk sack, foetal liver, spleen, lymph and eventually red bone marrow
Following birth where does haematopoiesis occour
red marrow in cranial and pelvic bones
What is red marrow
connective tissue within the spaces of spongy (cancellous) bone tissue
What helps make formed elements
Liver and spleen
If bone cancer occours and destroys the bone marrow causing hemopoiesis to fail what may happen
extramedullary hemopoiesis may be initiated.
What does EPO stand for
Erythropoietin
What is EPO (erythropoietin)
glycoprotein hormone secreted by the interstitial fibroblast cells of the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels. It stimulates the production of erythrocytes ( red blood cells)
What stimulates EPO to be made
low oxygen levels
What does Thrombopoietin do
It is yet another fucking glycoprotein and it is produced by something called a “liver” and “KiDnEyS” and triggers the development of megakaryocytes into platelets
WHat are Cytokines
Glycoproteins secreted by a wide variety of cells including red bone marrow and include colony stimulating factors which help with differentiation and interleukins which help produce differentiation within the immune system
What do Lymphoid stem cells give rise to
Leukocytes which include NK cells and T and B cells
How is a RBC formed (erythrocyte)
Multipotent stem cell Myeloid stem cell Proerythroblast Basophillic erythroblast Polychromatophillic erythroblast Normoblast (expells nucleus) Reticulocyte Mature red blood cell (erythrocyte)
What is the functional lifespan of a erythrocyte
100-120 days
What is senescence
When the red blood cell undergoes a conformational change in its plasma membrane thus making it recognisable to macrophages and then subsequent phagocytosis
What is the heme constituent of Hb broken down into
Fe3+ and biliverdin
What is biliverdin reduced to
bilirubin
What does bilirubin bind to and where does it go
albumin and the “LEVER” - scottish accent needed for maximum potency of dad joke
What does iron travel along the blood weeeeee with
transferrin
What is hemolyzed Hb bound to
haptoglobin
What is the spleen divided into
Red pulp and white pulp
What does white pulp do
infection-fighting lymphoid tissue where WBC are produced and mature
What is white pulp made up of
PALS - periarteriolear lymphoid sheaths and lymphatic nodules
What does Red pulp do
reservoir for blood and components - phagocytes and platelets
How does the liver support blood clots
Vitamin K is necessary for the creation of certain coagulants
Bile is important for clotting
What absorbs and metabolises bilirubin
“LEVER” - scottish accent needed for maximum potency of dad joke
What filters the blood
“LEVER”- scottish accent needed for maximum potency of dad joke
What produces Albumin
“LEVER”- scottish accent needed for maximum potency of dad joke
What synthesis (produces) angiotensinogen
“LEVER”- scottish accent needed for maximum potency of dad joke
What are the normal variants of Hb from
Alpha and Beta chain
What is the structure of a Hb molecule
four heme groups surrounding a globin group
Where are platelets produced
in the bone marrow
What hormone causes a megakaryocyte to fragment into 1000 yes english platelets
Thrombopoietin (TPO)
What do platelets contain
Proteins on their surface and granules that can secrete other proteins
What is the lightest component of blood
platelets
How often can men and women give blood
men every 12 weeks
women every 16 weeks
why are men better donors
Men are better donors because their additional body weight means they have suitable iron levels and are less likely than women to carry certain immune cells meaning their plasma is more widely usable for transfusions and their platelet count is typically higher meaning they are more likely to be accepted as platelet donor.
Explain the ABO blood group
The ABO blood grouping is all about the presence of absence of TWO antigen, A and B. They are both glycoproteins and people with A antigens on their erythrocyte membrane surfaces are A and those with B on the surface are B. If they have BOTH AB on their erythrocyte then they are AB and if they have neither they are O.
Explain the Rh blood group system
Antigen discovered on erythrocytes and those who have Rh D antigen are positive (85%) and non Rh D are Rh negative
What can prevent the development of Rh antibodies in the mother
RhoGAM
How does RhoGAM work
RhoGAM antibodies destroy any foetal Rh+ erythrocytes that may cross the placental barrier. RhoGAM is normally administered to Rh− mothers during weeks 26−28 of pregnancy and within 72 hours following birth.
How is the ABO system inherited
ABO gene which is found on chromosome 9. A and B alleles are codominant. O is recessive.
How is Rh blood group inherited
Rh blood group system is attributed to two genes, RHD and RHCE which are located on chromosome 1. RDH gene is dominant. RHCE is recessive .
What is . Hereditary hemochromatosis
a genetic disorder that can result in iron overload.
What is Phlebotomy
blood removal
What is iron chelation
removal of iron using specific drugs
What may happen as a result of a blood transfusion
anaphylaxis
What are the 2 classification of anaemia
Size and number of RBC
When based on RBC size anemia what are the 3 types
Microlitic anaemia SMALL
Normocytic anaemia MEDIUM
Macrocytic anaemia LARGE
What is Microlitic anaemia
Iron deficiency - May be an iron deficiency or transfer of increased transferrin thus less is stored with Ferritin
What is the fucking difference between ferritin and transferrin
Transferrin - Transports iron through the blood
Ferritin - Stored Iron so the body can use it
What is normocytic anaemia
Anaemia of a chronic disease
Sickle cell anaemia: Genetic variation in b globin chain of Hb molecule, Hb molecule becomes unstable in low oxygen conditions leading to formation of insoluble rigid chains
What is Macrocytic anaemia
Vitamin B12 deficiency which is needed for RBC’s to Condense their DNA
What is MCV (mean corpuscular volume)
Average volume of red cells
What can act as a buffer for ion deficiency
Ferratin as it releases Ion in a controlled fashion .
What is the treatment of anaemia
Ferrous sulphate is the gold standard and provides iron which then combines with Hb
If symptoms become severe what could be given for anemia
Injections of synthetic erythropoietin
Where does foetal haematopoiesis occour
Yolk sack untill placenta is fully developed
What happens with the first breaths of air
Ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale close and the blood flows through the heart like an adults
What is the most common problem with pregnancy to do with the ABO system
Jaundice
What is jaundice
Too much bilirubin
What does an Anti-D injections
When a women with RhD Negatice is exposed to RhD positive baby the antibodies can cross the placenta and destroy the baby and an the injections help to remove the RhD foetal blood cells before they can cause sensitisation.
What is the keilhauer’s test
Blood test used to measure the amount of fetal Hb transferred from a fetus to a mothers bloodstream.
What is glandular fever caused by
Epstein-barr virus EBV
What can glandular fever cause
Swollen spleen
What is altruism
Disinterested and selfless concern for the well being of others
