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Sem 2 Case 7 > PBL 7 > Flashcards

PBL 7 Flashcards

what is life

1
Q

What is blood made up of

A

RBC,WBC and platelets and plasma

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2
Q

What are red blood cells known as

A

erythrocytes

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3
Q

What are platelets

A

small membrane-bound cell fragments that contain enzymes and other substances important to clotting

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4
Q

What are plasma proteins

A

Alubiums
Globulins
Fibrinogen
other substances - hormones ect

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5
Q

What are albumins

A

60% of the plasma and are the most abundant and contributor to osmotic pressure BCOP

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6
Q

What is the serum test

A

Measure of the abundance of albumin

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7
Q

What are the granular leukocytes

A

Neutrophils, Eosinophils and basophils

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8
Q

What are the Agranular leukocytes

A

Lymphocytes and monocytes

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9
Q

Where does haematopoiesis occur prior to birth

A

Yolk sack, foetal liver, spleen, lymph and eventually red bone marrow

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10
Q

Following birth where does haematopoiesis occour

A

red marrow in cranial and pelvic bones

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11
Q

What is red marrow

A

connective tissue within the spaces of spongy (cancellous) bone tissue

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12
Q

What helps make formed elements

A

Liver and spleen

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13
Q

If bone cancer occours and destroys the bone marrow causing hemopoiesis to fail what may happen

A

extramedullary hemopoiesis may be initiated.

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14
Q

What does EPO stand for

A

Erythropoietin

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15
Q

What is EPO (erythropoietin)

A

glycoprotein hormone secreted by the interstitial fibroblast cells of the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels. It stimulates the production of erythrocytes ( red blood cells)

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16
Q

What stimulates EPO to be made

A

low oxygen levels

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17
Q

What does Thrombopoietin do

A

It is yet another fucking glycoprotein and it is produced by something called a “liver” and “KiDnEyS” and triggers the development of megakaryocytes into platelets

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18
Q

WHat are Cytokines

A

Glycoproteins secreted by a wide variety of cells including red bone marrow and include colony stimulating factors which help with differentiation and interleukins which help produce differentiation within the immune system

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19
Q

What do Lymphoid stem cells give rise to

A

Leukocytes which include NK cells and T and B cells

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20
Q

How is a RBC formed (erythrocyte)

A 
Multipotent stem cell 
Myeloid stem cell 
Proerythroblast
Basophillic erythroblast
Polychromatophillic erythroblast
Normoblast (expells nucleus)
Reticulocyte
Mature red blood cell (erythrocyte)
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21
Q

What is the functional lifespan of a erythrocyte

A

100-120 days

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22
Q

What is senescence

A

When the red blood cell undergoes a conformational change in its plasma membrane thus making it recognisable to macrophages and then subsequent phagocytosis

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23
Q

What is the heme constituent of Hb broken down into

A

Fe3+ and biliverdin

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24
Q

What is biliverdin reduced to

A

bilirubin

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25
What does bilirubin bind to and where does it go
albumin and the "LEVER" - scottish accent needed for maximum potency of dad joke
26
What does iron travel along the blood weeeeee with
transferrin
27
What is hemolyzed Hb bound to
haptoglobin
28
What is the spleen divided into
Red pulp and white pulp
29
What does white pulp do
infection-fighting lymphoid tissue where WBC are produced and mature
30
What is white pulp made up of
PALS - periarteriolear lymphoid sheaths and lymphatic nodules
31
What does Red pulp do
reservoir for blood and components - phagocytes and platelets
32
How does the liver support blood clots
Vitamin K is necessary for the creation of certain coagulants Bile is important for clotting
33
What absorbs and metabolises bilirubin
"LEVER" - scottish accent needed for maximum potency of dad joke
34
What filters the blood
"LEVER"- scottish accent needed for maximum potency of dad joke
35
What produces Albumin
"LEVER"- scottish accent needed for maximum potency of dad joke
36
What synthesis (produces) angiotensinogen
"LEVER"- scottish accent needed for maximum potency of dad joke
37
What are the normal variants of Hb from
Alpha and Beta chain
38
What is the structure of a Hb molecule
four heme groups surrounding a globin group
39
Where are platelets produced
in the bone marrow
40
What hormone causes a megakaryocyte to fragment into 1000 yes english platelets
Thrombopoietin (TPO)
41
What do platelets contain
Proteins on their surface and granules that can secrete other proteins
42
What is the lightest component of blood
platelets
43
How often can men and women give blood
men every 12 weeks | women every 16 weeks
44
why are men better donors
Men are better donors because their additional body weight means they have suitable iron levels and are less likely than women to carry certain immune cells meaning their plasma is more widely usable for transfusions and their platelet count is typically higher meaning they are more likely to be accepted as platelet donor.
45
Explain the ABO blood group
The ABO blood grouping is all about the presence of absence of TWO antigen, A and B. They are both glycoproteins and people with A antigens on their erythrocyte membrane surfaces are A and those with B on the surface are B. If they have BOTH AB on their erythrocyte then they are AB and if they have neither they are O.
46
Explain the Rh blood group system
Antigen discovered on erythrocytes and those who have Rh D antigen are positive (85%) and non Rh D are Rh negative
47
What can prevent the development of Rh antibodies in the mother
RhoGAM
48
How does RhoGAM work
RhoGAM antibodies destroy any foetal Rh+ erythrocytes that may cross the placental barrier. RhoGAM is normally administered to Rh− mothers during weeks 26−28 of pregnancy and within 72 hours following birth.
49
How is the ABO system inherited
ABO gene which is found on chromosome 9. A and B alleles are codominant. O is recessive.
50
How is Rh blood group inherited
Rh blood group system is attributed to two genes, RHD and RHCE which are located on chromosome 1. RDH gene is dominant. RHCE is recessive .
51
What is . Hereditary hemochromatosis
a genetic disorder that can result in iron overload.
52
What is Phlebotomy
blood removal
53
What is iron chelation
removal of iron using specific drugs
54
What may happen as a result of a blood transfusion
anaphylaxis
55
What are the 2 classification of anaemia
Size and number of RBC
56
When based on RBC size anemia what are the 3 types
Microlitic anaemia SMALL Normocytic anaemia MEDIUM Macrocytic anaemia LARGE
57
What is Microlitic anaemia
Iron deficiency - May be an iron deficiency or transfer of increased transferrin thus less is stored with Ferritin
58
What is the fucking difference between ferritin and transferrin
Transferrin - Transports iron through the blood | Ferritin - Stored Iron so the body can use it
59
What is normocytic anaemia
Anaemia of a chronic disease Sickle cell anaemia: Genetic variation in b globin chain of Hb molecule, Hb molecule becomes unstable in low oxygen conditions leading to formation of insoluble rigid chains
60
What is Macrocytic anaemia
Vitamin B12 deficiency which is needed for RBC's to Condense their DNA
61
What is MCV (mean corpuscular volume)
Average volume of red cells
62
What can act as a buffer for ion deficiency
Ferratin as it releases Ion in a controlled fashion .
63
What is the treatment of anaemia
Ferrous sulphate is the gold standard and provides iron which then combines with Hb
64
If symptoms become severe what could be given for anemia
Injections of synthetic erythropoietin
65
Where does foetal haematopoiesis occour
Yolk sack untill placenta is fully developed
66
What happens with the first breaths of air
Ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale close and the blood flows through the heart like an adults
67
What is the most common problem with pregnancy to do with the ABO system
Jaundice
68
What is jaundice
Too much bilirubin
69
What does an Anti-D injections
When a women with RhD Negatice is exposed to RhD positive baby the antibodies can cross the placenta and destroy the baby and an the injections help to remove the RhD foetal blood cells before they can cause sensitisation.
70
What is the keilhauer's test
Blood test used to measure the amount of fetal Hb transferred from a fetus to a mothers bloodstream.
71
What is glandular fever caused by
Epstein-barr virus EBV
72
What can glandular fever cause
Swollen spleen
73
What is altruism
Disinterested and selfless concern for the well being of others

Sem 2 Case 7 (8 decks)

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