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Semester 3 > PBL 6 > Flashcards

PBL 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 main neuronal types and where are they most likely to be found?

A

Anaxonic - special sense organs
Bipolar - special sense organs (eye, nose, ear)
Unipolar - sensory neurons
Multipolar - motor neurons

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2
Q

What are the types of neuroglia present in the CNS and what are their functions?

A

Ependymal cells - secrete CSF
Astrocytes - provide structural framework
Oligodendrocytes - wrap neurons in myelin
Microglia - phagocytic immune cells

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3
Q

What are the types of neuroglia present in the PNS and what are their functions?

A

Satellite cells - provide structural framework and regulate environment

Schwann cells - wrap myelin around single axon

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4
Q

What is the difference between an absolute refractory period and a relative refractory period?

A

Absolute refractory period - where no stimulus can excite the nerve
Relative refractory period - where a stronger than normal stimulus can excite the nerve

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5
Q

What is the difference between a graded potential and an action potential?

A

Graded potential - weak and don’t reach threshold

Action potential - reach threshold and depolarise cell

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6
Q

What is saltatory conduction?

A

Where due to the presence of myelin on axons, the action potential “jumps” from one node of ranveir to the next, skipping the myelinated internodes

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7
Q

What is the difference between an ionotropic and a metabotropic receptor?

A

Ionotropic - forms ion channels

Metabotropic - G protein coupled receptor

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8
Q

What are the different types of glutamate receptor and what does binding of glutamate result in?

A

AMPA: binding allows sodium ion entry into cell

NMDA: binding allows dissociation of mg so sodium and calcium to enter cell

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9
Q

In relation to synaptic integration, what is the difference between spacial summation and temporal summation?

A

Spacial summation - addition of EPSPs generated simultaneously by multiple synaptic inputs

Temporal summation - addition of EPSPs generated in quick succession at the same synapse

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10
Q

What is the difference between tonic and phasic firing of a neuron?

A

Tonic - where firing is constantly occurring (background noise)
Phasic - where you get a burst of action potentials due to a stimulus

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11
Q

What is the ratio of MS in women to men?

A

3:1
Women:men

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12
Q

What genetic factors have been linked to MS?

A

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) - genes associated with self recognition

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13
Q

What are the different types of MS?

A

Relapsing-remitting
Primary progressive
Secondary progressive
Progressive-relapsing

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14
Q

Which self proteins do immune cells attack in MS?

A

Myelin proteins:

  • myelin basic protein (MBP)
  • myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)
  • myelin associated glycoprotein (MAG)
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15
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of the relapsing and remitting stages in MS

A

Relapsing - where demyelination occurs

Remitting - where remyelination occurs

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16
Q

What are lesions/plaques in MS?

A

Scars that form due to repeated attacks on oligodendrocytes, so that they are unable to completely rebuild the myelin

17
Q

What is the difference between an active and inactive plaque in MS?

What type of MS are they commonly seen?

A

Active: characterised by a slowly expanding rim of activated immune cells. Microglia contain myelin degradation products around inactive centre
- seen in relapsing-remitting
Inactive: little to no myelin present, and reduced number of oligodendrocytes
- seen in progressive MS

18
Q

What are the main symptoms of MS?

A 
Optic neuritis - leads to blurring of vision or colour vision loss
Nystagmus 
Dysarthria (slurred speech)
Dysphasia (difficultly swallowing)
Upper and/or lower limb weakness
Bladder, bowels and sexual dysfunction
19
Q

What is Uhtoff’s phenomenon?

What condition is it commonly seen in?

A

Worsening of vision occurring during a fever, hot weather or exercise. Due to irritation of scar in optic neuritis

Multiple sclerosis

20
Q

What is Lhermitte’s phenomenon?

What condition is it commonly seen in?

A

Pain/shock that extends down the spine when bending over

Multiple sclerosis

21
Q

What is Gillian Burre Syndrome?

A

A lower motor neuron demyelinating disease

22
Q

What is clonus ?

A

Shaking of the foot when you dorsiflex the ankle rapidly

23
Q

What are the diagnostic tests used to confirm MS?

A

MRI - looking for lesions or brain shrinkage
CSF (lumbar puncture) - looking for presence of antibodies in the CSF but not in the serum
Evoked potentials (EP) test - delayed transmission of optic nerve

24
Q

What drugs are given to help manage MS?

A

Corticosteroids

Disease modifying agents - keep the immune system from attacking myelin

25
Q

What is anhedonia?

A

Lack of pleasure in doing things

26
Q

How is depression diagnosed?

A

Using a pHQ-9 questionnaire

  • 5 or more depressive symptoms in 2 week period
  • 1 of which must be depressed mood or anhedonia (lack of pleasure in doing things)
27
Q

What are the two types of monoamines? Give examples.

Which amino acid are they produced from?

A 
Catecholamines - produced from tyrosine 
- dopamine
- noradrenaline 
Indolamines - produced from tryptophan 
- serotonin
28
Q

What enzymes are responsible for noradrenaline degradation?

A 
Monoamine oxidase (MAO-A)
Catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT)
29
Q

What are the different noradrenergic receptors?

Are they stimulatory or inhibitory?

A 
Alpha 1 (stimulatory)
Alpha 2 (inhibitory)
Beta (stimulatory)
30
Q

What kind of receptor are most of 5-HT receptors?

Which is the exception?

A

G Protein coupled receptors

5-HT3: this is a cation receptor

31
Q

Which serotonin receptors are inhibitory and which are stimulatory?

A

Inhibitory: 5HT1 and 5HT5

Stimulatory: 5HT2, 5HT3, 5HT4, 5HT6, 5HT7

32
Q

How does noradrenaline control serotonin release?

A

Binds to a1 receptors on 5HT neuron cell body - increases serotonin release

Binds to a2 receptors on 5HT terminal - inhibits serotonin release

33
Q

What is a major side effect with MAO-Is

A

Hypertensive crisis - MAOs are needed to metabolise dietary tyramine (round in red wine, cheese, marmite). By blocking them you get a build up of tyramine resulting in hypertension

34
Q

What is the kindling hypothesis?

A

Where depressive episodes become more easily triggered over time (the threshold is lowered)

35
Q

What are the two main systems in the brain responsible for regulating mood?

What are the main structures within them?

A 
Ventral neural system:
- ventral anterior cingulate 
- amygdala
Dorsal neural system 
- dorsal anterior cingulate 
- hippocampus
36
Q

What is electroconvulsive therapy?

What are its disadvantages?

A

Electrical stimulation of the temporal lobes resulting in seizure discharges, helps to treat depression.

Memory loss due to hippocampus presence in temporal lobe

Semester 3 (13 decks)

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