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Semester 3 > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Depakote (sodium valproate)

A

Drug type - anticonvulsant
Used in - bipolar disorder
Mode of action - increases GABA and decreases firing of voltage dependant sodium channels
Side effects - folate antagonist (inhibits DHFR protein)

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2
Q

Paracetamol

A

Drug type: non-opioid analgesic
Mode of action: inhibits prostaglandin synthesis
Dose: 0.5-1g every 4-6 hours (max 4g daily)
Route: usually oral
Side effects: Liver toxicity

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3
Q

Ibuprofen

A 
Drug type: NSAID analgesic
Mode of Action: non selective COX inhibitor
Dosage: 300-400mg, 3-4 times daily 
Route: Oral 
Side effects:
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4
Q

Co-Cocodamol

A

Drug type: paracetamol + opiod analgesic codeine phosphate
Mode of action: acts as a prodrug (codeine 10% > morphine)
Dosage: 1-2 tablets every 4-6 hours (max 8 daily)
Route: oral
Side effects: constipation

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5
Q

Morphine

A

Drug Type: strong opiod analgesic
Mode of action: agonist at Mu opioid receptors
Dosage: slow release preparations twice/once daily
Route: oral or patches
Side effects: sedation, euphoria, respiratory depression, hypotension

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6
Q

Ketamine

A

Drug type: anaesthetic

Mode of action: blocks NMDA receptor channels

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7
Q

Gabapentin

A

Drug type: anticonvulsant
Mode of action: reduces calcium currents, increases GABA concentraion, enchances GABA responses
Dosage: 300mg (low dose) - 3600mg (high dose)

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8
Q

Tissue Plasminogen Activator (tPA)

A

Drug type: thrombolytic agent
Mode of action: breaks up blood clots
Given in: ischaemic stroke (within 3 hours of onset)
Side effects: nausea, vomiting, intracerebral bleeding, allergic reactions (check for tongue swelling)

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9
Q

Aspirin

A

Drug type: NSAID and antiplatelet
Mechanism of action: prevents platelets from clotting, also COX inhibitor
Given in: to reduce infalmmation and in long term stroke treatment

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10
Q

Clopidrogrel

A

Drug type: antiplatelet
Mechanism of action: prevents platelets from clotting
Given in: long term stroke treatment

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11
Q

Heparin

A

Drug type: anticoagulant
Mechanism of action: inhibits clotting factors
Given in: post stroke treatment (especially patients with atrial fibrillation)
Side effects: excessive bleeding

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12
Q

Warfarin

A

Drug type: anticoagulant
Mechanism of action: inhibits clotting factors
Given in: post stroke treatment (especially patients with atrial fibrillation)
Side effects: excessive bleeding

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13
Q

Statins

A

Drug type: statin
Mechanism of action: lower cholesterol levels
Given in: post stroke treatment

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14
Q

Pregabalin

A

Drug type: anticonvulsant
Used in: epilepsy, neuropathic pain, and GAD
Mechanism of action: binds to alpha-2-delta subunit on voltage dependant calcium channels in the CNS to decrease the release of stimulatory neurotransmitters aka glutamate and noradrenaline
Dosage: 150mg/day - increase to 600mg/day if necessary
Side effects: sleepiness, confusion, memory problems, poor motor concentration

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15
Q

Sertraline

A

Drug type: SSRI (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor)
Mechanism of action: block SERT, blocking reuptake of 5-HT, prolonging the actions of serotonin at G protein coupled receptors
Used in: GAD, Depression
Dosage: 50-100mg
Side effects: nausea, dizziness, dry mouth

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16
Q

Fluoxetine

A

Drug type: SSRI (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor)
Mechanism of action: block SERT, blocking reuptake of 5-HT, prolonging the actions of serotonin at G protein coupled receptors
Used in: GAD, Depression
Dosage: 20mg/day
Side effects: nausea, dizziness, dry mouth

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17
Q

Citalopram

A

Drug type: SSRI (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor)
Mechanism of action: block SERT, blocking reuptake of 5-HT, prolonging the actions of serotonin at G protein coupled receptors
Used in: GAD, Depression
Dosage: 20mg
Side effects: nausea, dizziness, dry mouth

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18
Q

Escitalopram

A

Drug type: SSRI (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor)
Mechanism of action: block SERT, blocking reuptake of 5-HT, prolonging the actions of serotonin at G protein coupled receptors
Used in: GAD, Depression
Dosage: 10mg
Side effects: nausea, dizziness, dry mouth

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19
Q

Diazepam

A

Drug type: Benzodiazepine
Mechanism of action: enhance the effect of GABA at GABA-A receptor (bind between alpha and gamma subunits)
Used in: GAD, anticonvulsant, muscle relaxant
Dosage: 6-15mg/day
Side effects: high dependance, impaired concentration, memory and decision making, sleepiness

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20
Q

Lorazepam

A

Drug type: Benzodiazepine
Mechanism of action: enhance the effect of GABA at GABA-A receptor (bind between alpha and gamma subunits)
Used in: GAD, anticonvulsant, muscle relaxant
Dosage: 1-4mg
Side effects: high dependance, impaired concentration, memory and decision making, sleepiness

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21
Q

Clonazepam

A

Drug type: Benzodiazepine
Mechanism of action: enhance the effect of GABA at GABA-A receptor (bind between alpha and gamma subunits)
Used in: GAD, anticonvulsant, muscle relaxant
Dosage: 1-4mg
Side effects: high dependance, impaired concentration, memory and decision making, sleepiness

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22
Q

Oxazepam

A

Drug type: Benzodiazepine
Mechanism of action: enhance the effect of GABA at GABA-A receptor (bind between alpha and gamma subunits)
Used in: GAD, anticonvulsant, muscle relaxant
Dosage: 45-90mg
Side effects: high dependance, impaired concentration, memory and decision making, sleepiness

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23
Q

Interferon-beta

A

Drug type: immune modifying agent
Used in: MS
Give: injection
Mechanism of action: interfere with T cell migration across BBB

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24
Q

Glatiramer acetate

A

Drug type: immune modifying agent
Used in: MS
Give: injection
Mechanism of action: desensitise the immune system from myelin

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25
Q

Ntalizumab

A

Drug type: immune modifying agent
Used in: MS
Give: injection IV monthly
Mechanism of action: prevents lymphocyte migration across the BBB
Side effects: may increase risk of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) (caused by JC virus)

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26
Q

Alemtuzumab

A

Drug type: immune modifying agent
Used in: MS (3rd line treatment)
Give: injection IV two courses
Mechanism of action: monoclonal targets B and T cells resulting in cell lysis. Bone marrow will then produce new lymphocytes that are unable to attack myelin.
Side effects: increased risk of acquiring other autoimmune disease

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27
Q

Dimethyl Fumerate (BG2)

A

Drug type: immune modifying agent
Used in: MS
Give: orally
Mechanism of action: cytokine inhibitor

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28
Q

Teriflunomide

A

Drug type: immune modifying agent
Used in: MS
Give: orally
Mechanism of action: anti prolifertative agent

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29
Q

Fingolimod

A

Drug type: immune modifying agent
Used in: MS
Give: orally
Mechanism of action: inhibits migration of T cells from lymphoid tissue

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30
Q

Baclofen

A

Drug type: muscle relaxant
Used in: to treat spasticity in MS and Parkinsons
Mechanism of action: binds to GABA B receptors and agonises the effect of GABA

31
Q

Disipramine

A

Drug type: TCA
Used in: Anxiety/Depression
Mechanism of action: blocks the reuptake of NA, 5-HT and dopamine

32
Q

Amitriptyline

A

Drug type: TCA
Used in: Anxiety/Depression
Mechanism of action: blocks the reuptake of NA, 5-HT and dopamine

33
Q

Clomipramine

A

Drug type: TCA
Used in: Anxiety/Depression
Mechanism of action: blocks the reuptake of NA, 5-HT and dopamine

34
Q

Imipramine

A

Drug type: SNRI (serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor)
Used in: Anxiety/depression
Mechanism of action: blocks SERT, NET and NAT

35
Q

Venlafaxine

A

Drug type: SNRI (serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor)
Used in: Anxiety/depression
Mechanism of action: blocks SERT, NET and NAT

36
Q

Mirtazapine

A

Drug type: antidepressant
Used in: Depression
Mechanism of action: alpha 2 adrenergic receptor antagonist (prevents negative feedback loop of noradrenaline on its autoreceptors)

37
Q

Iproniazid

A

Drug type: MOA-I (irreversible)
Mechanism: prevents breakdown of 5H-T and NA
Used in: Depression
Note: originally developed for treatment of TB
Side effects: hypertension

38
Q

Phenelzine

A

Drug type: MOA-I (irreversible)
Mechanism: prevents breakdown of 5H-T and NA
Used in: Depression
Side effects: hypertension

39
Q

Tranylpromine

A

Drug type: MOA-I (irreversible)
Mechanism: prevents breakdown of 5H-T and NA
Used in: Depression
Side effects: hypertension

40
Q

Moclobumide

A

Drug type: MOA-I (reversible)
Mechanism: prevents breakdown of 5H-T and NA
Used in: Depression
Side effects: hypertension

41
Q

Levodopa

A

Drug type: dopamine precursor
Used in: Parkinson’s
Mechanism - converted into dopamine by L-DOPA decarboxylase
Side effects: nausea/vomiting, delusions/hallucinations, insomnia, confusion, disorientation, involuntary movement (dyskinesias)

42
Q

Carbidopa

A

Drug type: dopa decarboxylase inhibitor
Given: in Parkinson’s alongside L-DOPA
Mechanism: inhibits conversion of L-DOPA to dopamine in periphery, it cannot cross the BBB

43
Q

Benserazide

A

Drug type: dopa decarboxylase inhibitor
Given: in Parkinson’s alongside L-DOPA
Mechanism: inhibits conversion of L-DOPA to dopamine in periphery, it cannot cross the BBB

44
Q

Co-beleldopa

A

Drug type: combination of L-DOPA + carbidopa/benserizide
Used: in Parkinson’s
Mechanism: inhibits conversion of L-DOPA to dopamine in periphery, L-DOPA then gets into brain and is converted into dopamine
Side effects: nausea/vomiting, delusions/hallucinations, insomnia, confusion, disorientation, involuntary movement (dyskinesias)

45
Q

Amantadine

A

Drug type: antiviral
Used in: Parkinson’s
Mechanism: reduces L-DOPA induced dyskinesia

46
Q

Pramipexole

A

Drug type: dopamine receptor agonist
Used in: Parkinson’s (to help prevent unwanted dyskinesia)
Mechanism: bind to dopamine receptors to induce movement
Side effects: nausea, postural hypotension, sleepiness

47
Q

Ropinirole

A

Drug type: dopamine receptor agonists
Used in: Parkinson’s (to help prevent unwanted dyskinesia)
Mechanism: bind to dopamine receptors to induce movement
Side effects: nausea, postural hypotension, sleepiness

48
Q

Rotigotine

A

Drug type: dopamine receptor agonists
Used in: Parkinson’s (to help prevent unwanted dyskinesia)
Mechanism: bind to dopamine receptors to induce movement
Side effects: nausea, postural hypotension, sleepiness

49
Q

Apomorphine

A

Drug type: dopamine receptor agonists
Used in: Parkinson’s (to help prevent unwanted dyskinesia)
Given: using an IV pump (quick acting)
Mechanism: bind to dopamine receptors to induce movement
Side effects: nausea, postural hypotension, sleepiness

50
Q

Entacapone

A

Drug type: Catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor
Used in: Parkinson’s
Mechanism: slow breakdown of dopamine and levodopa

51
Q

Tolcapone

A

Drug type: Catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor
Used in: Parkinson’s
Mechanism: slow breakdown of dopamine and levodopa

52
Q

Selegilene

A

Drug type: MAO-B inhibitor
Used in: Parkinson’s
Mechanism: prevents breakdown of dopamine and L-dopa
Side effects: hypertension

53
Q

Rasagliline

A

Drug type: MAO-B inhibitor
Used in: Parkinson’s
Mechanism: prevents breakdown of dopamine and L-dopa
Side effects: hypertension

54
Q

Benztropine

A

Drug type: anticholinergic
Used in: Parkinson’s
Mechanism: reduces cholinergic signalling, helps with tremor in PD

55
Q

Tetrabenazine

A

Drug type: dopamine release inhibitor
Used in: chorea releated diseases e.g, Huntington’s, Tourette’s
Mechanism: prevents release of dopamine, dampens direct pathway in basal ganglia

56
Q

Chlorpromazine

A

Drug type: old antipsychotic
Used: in schizophrenia
Mechanism: block D1 and D2 receptors
Side effects: Parkinsonism, negative symptoms, hyperprolactinaemia

57
Q

Haloperidol

A

Drug type: old antipsychotic
Used: in schizophrenia
Mechanism: block D1 and D2 receptors
Side effects: Parkinsonism, negative symptoms, hyperprolactinaemia

58
Q

Flurphenazine

A

Drug type: old antipsychotic
Used: in schizophrenia
Mechanism: block D1 and D2 receptors
Side effects: Parkinsonism, negative symptoms, hyperprolactinaemia

59
Q

Clozapine

A

Drug type: new antipsychotic
Used: in schizophrenia
Mechanism: block D1 and D2 receptors (block D2 less so produce less side effects than old antipsychotics)
Side effects: Parkinsonism, negative symptoms, hyperprolactinaemia, weight gain, agranulocytosis

60
Q

Olanzapine

A

Drug type: new antipsychotic
Used: in schizophrenia
Mechanism: block D1 and D2 receptors (block D2 less so produce less side effects than old antipsychotics)
Side effects: Parkinsonism, negative symptoms, hyperprolactinaemia, weight gain

61
Q

Quetiapine

A

Drug type: new antipsychotic
Used: in schizophrenia
Mechanism: block D1 and D2 receptors (block D2 less so produce less side effects than old antipsychotics)
Side effects: Parkinsonism, negative symptoms, hyperprolactinaemia, weight gain

62
Q

Risperidone

A

Drug type: new antipsychotic
Used: in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder
Mechanism: block D1 and D2 receptors (block D2 less so produce less side effects than old antipsychotics), also blocks 5HT2 receptors
Side effects: Parkinsonism, negative symptoms, hyperprolactinaemia, weight gain

63
Q

Propofol

A

Drug type: anaesthetic agent
Given: IV
Mechanism: activation of GABA-A receptors, increases inhibitory function of GABA
Side effects: hypotension, bradycardia, respiratory depression, nausea and vomiting

64
Q

Isoflurane

A

Drug type: anaesthetic
Given: via inhalation
Mechanism: enhances effects of GABA? Inhibits excitatory transmission

65
Q

Fentanyl

A

Drug type: opoid analgesic

Mechanism: binds to mu opoid receptors and inhibits adenylate cyclase, inhibits release of noicepetive substances

66
Q

Suxamethonium

A

Drug type: depolarising neuromuscular blocking agent (muscle relaxant)
Given: IV
Mechanism: persistant depolarisation of neuromuscular junction, mimics effect of Ach, causes densistisation of Ach receptors

67
Q

Atracurium

A

Drug type: non-depolarising neuromuscular blocking agent (muscle relaxant)
Mechanism: nitotinic receptor antagonist - blocks Ach from binding at skeletal muscle

68
Q

Neostigmine

A

Drug type: anticholinesterase
Mechanism: contains acetylcholinesterase/butyrlcholinestease which reverses neuromuscular blockade by breaking down the the blocking agents
Side effects: peripheral side effects e.g, bradycardia, hypotension, bronchoconstriction

69
Q

Glycoprrolate

A

Drug type: cholinergic antagonist
Mechanism: protects against peripheral muscarinic effects of neostigmine by antagnosising the peripheral muscarinc receptors

70
Q

Mannitol

A

Drug type: osmotic diuretic
Given: to treat raised intracranial pressure
Mechanism: increase plasma osmolality which draws water from brain and CSF into the interstitial fluid, also increase volume excretion in kidney

71
Q

Lamotrigine

A

Drug type: anticonvulsant
Used: to treat epilepsy and bipolar disorder
Mechanism: blocks sodium and calcium channels, suppressing glutamate release
Side effects: sleepiness, headache, vomiting

72
Q

Sodium Thiopental

A

Drug type: anaesthetic (old)

Mode of action: rapid-onset barbiturate - act on GABA A receptors to induce GABA function

73
Q

Pancuronium

A

Drug type: non depolarising neuromuscular blocking agent

74
Q

Potassium Chloride

A

Mode of action: depolarises cardiac muscle cells so they cannot fire

Semester 3 (13 decks)

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