Patterns

Question 0

How has law helped increase the level of divorce?

Answer 0

1923- grounds for divorce equalised
1949- legal aid - cheaper
1971- irretrievable breakdown

Question 1

What is the pattern of divorce?

Answer 1

Increase since 60s, 40% will end in divorce.

1946, 3.7 divorce requests from women, 2008, 7 in 10

Question 2

Mitchell and Goody 1997

Answer 2

Decline in stigma increased the divorce rate

Question 3

What effect does Allan & Crow think the economic independence of women has had?

Answer 3

Removed marriage from the economic system

Question 4

What effect do feminists feel the economic independence of women has had?

Answer 4

New source of conflict for husbands and wives

Hoschild - work favourable as less patriarchal frustration

Question 5

What does Bernard 1976 feel the increasing divorce rate shows?

Answer 5

Rejection of patriarchy

Question 6

Why else as divorce rate increased?

Answer 6

Secularisation

Question 7

What do interactionists see the meaning of increasing divorce rates to be?

Answer 7

Morgan 1996 - can’t generalise.

Question 8

How do post modernists view the increasing divorce rate?

Answer 8

Freedom and diversity

Question 9

How do new right see the increasing divorce rate?

Answer 9

Increase in underclass and dependency culture

Question 10

How do functionalists see the increase in divorce rates?

Answer 10

To great, but remarry so not too bad.

Question 11

Fletcher 1996

Answer 11

Higher expectations shifted focus to love. Many re marry showing not rejection of marriage itself.

Question 12

What is the pattern for marriages in the uk?

Answer 12

Marriage lowest since 20s
4 in 10 are re-marriages
35% are in church
9% in 2000 saw no point
70% thought if having children should marry 1989, 2000 54%

Question 13

Why is marriage decreasing?

Answer 13

Change in norm
Secularisation
Decline in stigma
Changing position of women
Divorce and remarriage option and increasing

Question 14

What is the pattern of cohabitation?

Answer 14

Increasing rapidly, 2 million 2008

Question 15

Why is cohabitation increasing?

Answer 15

Secularisation
Less financial dependency
Decline in stigma of premarital sex

Question 16

What does Chester believe the relationship between cohabitation and marriage is?

Answer 16

Step to marriage for 75%

Question 17

What does Bejin think the relationship between cohabitation and marriage?

Answer 17

Alternative

Question 18

What is macklin’s view on marriage?

Answer 18

Diverse and fits a wide range of people and desires

Question 19

Shelton and John 1993

Answer 19

Cohabiters do less housework

Question 20

How many households in the UK are one person households? What percentage of these are pensioners?

Answer 20

3 in 10 and 50%

Question 21

Why are there more lone person households?

Answer 21

Increasing norm of single hood
Increased divorce rates
Ageing population

Question 22

Stein 1976

Answer 22

Creative single hood- deliberate choice

Question 23

Duncan and Williams

Answer 23

Living apart together
1 in 10 adults in significant relationship not living together, choice or constraint, ie cannot afford
20% dream relationship

Question 24

Stonewall 2008, population in single sex relationships?

Answer 24

5-7% but probably higher as stigma means hidden

Question 25

Laws accepting homosexuality

Answer 25

``` 1967- decriminalised for over 21s 80/90s- consenting age lowered to 16 2002- adopt 2004- civil partnership act 2014-,marriage ```

Question 26

Weeks 1999

Answer 26

Friendship as kinship, stable chosen families

Question 27

Cheal 2002

Answer 27

Appreciate laws but don't want to threaten flexibility with legality and tradition

Question 28

Weston 1992

Answer 28

Stable relationship move rather than casual relationships of 70s

Question 29

Allan and Crow

Answer 29

No framework so flexible but unstable. Negotiate roles.

Question 30

Changing stats of children

Answer 30

Falling- less children, more childless 4 in 10 born outside of marriage- most cohabiters Children born later in life, used to be 24 now 27.3

Question 31

Why has the number of children born and the number born outside of marriage changed?

Answer 31

Decline in stigma Increase in cohabitation Changing position of women

Question 32

What percentage of families with dependent children are step families?

Answer 32

10%

Question 33

Stats on step families and parents

Answer 33

86% have one child from mother 11% one child from father 3% child from both

Question 34

What are stepfamilies at a greater risk of?

Answer 34

Poverty

Question 35

Why are stepfamilies more at risk of poverty?

Answer 35

Divorce and custody court costs | Support more people

Question 36

Why more stepfamilies?

Answer 36

Divorce Custody courts Higher tension

Question 37

KERRI & SMITH on step families

Answer 37

Positive but greater risk of poverty

Question 38

Allan and Crow (2001) on step families

Answer 38

Greater tension as divided loyalties

Question 39

McCarthy et al 2003

Answer 39

High diversity in step families

Question 40

What has happened to lone parent families?

Answer 40

Increased

Question 41

Why have lone parent families increased?

Answer 41

Increase in divorce | Increase in women having children outside of marriage

Question 42

What percentage of people are in lone parent families? What fraction of children are in lone parent families?

Answer 42

24%, 1 in 4

Question 43

What percentage of lone parent families are female headed?

Answer 43

90%

Question 44

What change has there been in the female heading of the lone parent family?

Answer 44

Till 1995 divorced mothers, now never married mothers.

Question 45

Why are there more female headed lone parent families?

Answer 45

Expressive role - Parsons Men less likely to give up full time work Custody courts favour women Choice

Question 46

Why does Cashmore view increase in single parent families a good thing?

Answer 46

Escape abuse, more stable to live off benefits

Question 47

Renevoize (1985)

Answer 47

Single parenthood choice, can provide without a man.

Question 48

That evil fart face Charles Murray

Answer 48

Benefits give perverse in incentive for dependency culture and single motherhood. Solution is to abolish benefits

Question 49

Criticisms for Charles Murray ( yes there are many )

Answer 49

More likely to be in poverty- 60% can't work as childcare cost too high - current benefits not enough Women earn less grrrrrr Many fathers fail to pay maintenance

Question 50

What notable change has immigration brought to the family?

Answer 50

Increased diversity

Question 51

What is the typical Asian family like?

Answer 51

Value extended family, bigger households. 3.3 Indian, 4.5 Bangladeshi, 2.3 white households. 2.4 for population.

Question 52

Why is the Asian family generally bigger?

Answer 52

More British Asians of child rearing age Ballard (1982) extended family key support when immigrating in the 50s and 60s Practical support when emigrating to new country

Question 53

What percentage of black families are lone parent?

Answer 53

50%

Question 54

Why does maize believe there is such a high proportion of lone parents in the black community?

Answer 54

High value on independence

Question 55

Reynolds 1997

Answer 55

Figures misleading, many lone parent families in black community actually in stable non cohabiting relationship

Question 56

What other reasons are given for the high percentage of lone parent families the black community?

Answer 56

Slavery- family disorganisation, children stay with mother, pattern continue. Male unemployment- can't provide, marital breakdown. Need social and geographical mobility.

Question 57

Charles 2005 and the modern extended family

Answer 57

In Swansea, no 3 generational extended family in one roof except in Bangladeshi homes.

Question 58

Wilmot 1988

Answer 58

DISPERSED EXTENDED FAMILY- geographically isolated but frequent contact through visits and phone calls.

Question 59

Chamberlain 1999

Answer 59

Multiple nuclear families - geographically dispersed, continue support. Big contribution to child rearing. Survives as plays crucial functions for family.

Question 60

Who supports chamberlains view of the survival of the extended family due to crucial functions?

Answer 60

Bell 1968 - M.class, father give son financial help W. Class, see frequently, mothers help daughters domestically.

Question 61

Who supports the relatability of Bell's study 40yrs on?

Answer 61

Charles Mother and daughter contact increase Sibling contact decrease

Question 62

What did Finch and Mason (1993) discover about the extended family today?

Answer 62

More expected of women than men 90% of those asked given or received financial support 50% cared for sick relative Principle of reciprocality important- removes debt