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Family and Households > Patterns > Flashcards

Patterns Flashcards

0
Q

How has law helped increase the level of divorce?

A

1923- grounds for divorce equalised
1949- legal aid - cheaper
1971- irretrievable breakdown

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1
Q

What is the pattern of divorce?

A

Increase since 60s, 40% will end in divorce.

1946, 3.7 divorce requests from women, 2008, 7 in 10

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2
Q

Mitchell and Goody 1997

A

Decline in stigma increased the divorce rate

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3
Q

What effect does Allan & Crow think the economic independence of women has had?

A

Removed marriage from the economic system

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4
Q

What effect do feminists feel the economic independence of women has had?

A

New source of conflict for husbands and wives

Hoschild - work favourable as less patriarchal frustration

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5
Q

What does Bernard 1976 feel the increasing divorce rate shows?

A

Rejection of patriarchy

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6
Q

Why else as divorce rate increased?

A

Secularisation

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7
Q

What do interactionists see the meaning of increasing divorce rates to be?

A

Morgan 1996 - can’t generalise.

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8
Q

How do post modernists view the increasing divorce rate?

A

Freedom and diversity

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9
Q

How do new right see the increasing divorce rate?

A

Increase in underclass and dependency culture

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10
Q

How do functionalists see the increase in divorce rates?

A

To great, but remarry so not too bad.

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11
Q

Fletcher 1996

A

Higher expectations shifted focus to love. Many re marry showing not rejection of marriage itself.

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12
Q

What is the pattern for marriages in the uk?

A 
Marriage lowest since 20s
4 in 10 are re-marriages
35% are in church
9% in 2000 saw no point
70% thought if having children should marry 1989, 2000 54%
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13
Q

Why is marriage decreasing?

A 
Change in norm
Secularisation
Decline in stigma
Changing position of women
Divorce and remarriage option and increasing
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14
Q

What is the pattern of cohabitation?

A

Increasing rapidly, 2 million 2008

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15
Q

Why is cohabitation increasing?

A

Secularisation
Less financial dependency
Decline in stigma of premarital sex

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16
Q

What does Chester believe the relationship between cohabitation and marriage is?

A

Step to marriage for 75%

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17
Q

What does Bejin think the relationship between cohabitation and marriage?

A

Alternative

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18
Q

What is macklin’s view on marriage?

A

Diverse and fits a wide range of people and desires

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19
Q

Shelton and John 1993

A

Cohabiters do less housework

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20
Q

How many households in the UK are one person households? What percentage of these are pensioners?

A

3 in 10 and 50%

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21
Q

Why are there more lone person households?

A

Increasing norm of single hood
Increased divorce rates
Ageing population

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22
Q

Stein 1976

A

Creative single hood- deliberate choice

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23
Q

Duncan and Williams

A

Living apart together
1 in 10 adults in significant relationship not living together, choice or constraint, ie cannot afford
20% dream relationship

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24
Q

Stonewall 2008, population in single sex relationships?

A

5-7% but probably higher as stigma means hidden

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25
Q

Laws accepting homosexuality

A 
1967- decriminalised for over 21s
80/90s- consenting age lowered to 16
2002- adopt
2004- civil partnership act
2014-,marriage
26
Q

Weeks 1999

A

Friendship as kinship, stable chosen families

27
Q

Cheal 2002

A

Appreciate laws but don’t want to threaten flexibility with legality and tradition

28
Q

Weston 1992

A

Stable relationship move rather than casual relationships of 70s

29
Q

Allan and Crow

A

No framework so flexible but unstable. Negotiate roles.

30
Q

Changing stats of children

A

Falling- less children, more childless
4 in 10 born outside of marriage- most cohabiters
Children born later in life, used to be 24 now 27.3

31
Q

Why has the number of children born and the number born outside of marriage changed?

A

Decline in stigma
Increase in cohabitation
Changing position of women

32
Q

What percentage of families with dependent children are step families?

A

10%

33
Q

Stats on step families and parents

A

86% have one child from mother
11% one child from father
3% child from both

34
Q

What are stepfamilies at a greater risk of?

A

Poverty

35
Q

Why are stepfamilies more at risk of poverty?

A

Divorce and custody court costs

Support more people

36
Q

Why more stepfamilies?

A

Divorce
Custody courts
Higher tension

37
Q

KERRI & SMITH on step families

A

Positive but greater risk of poverty

38
Q

Allan and Crow (2001) on step families

A

Greater tension as divided loyalties

39
Q

McCarthy et al 2003

A

High diversity in step families

40
Q

What has happened to lone parent families?

A

Increased

41
Q

Why have lone parent families increased?

A

Increase in divorce

Increase in women having children outside of marriage

42
Q

What percentage of people are in lone parent families? What fraction of children are in lone parent families?

A

24%, 1 in 4

43
Q

What percentage of lone parent families are female headed?

A

90%

44
Q

What change has there been in the female heading of the lone parent family?

A

Till 1995 divorced mothers, now never married mothers.

45
Q

Why are there more female headed lone parent families?

A

Expressive role - Parsons
Men less likely to give up full time work
Custody courts favour women
Choice

46
Q

Why does Cashmore view increase in single parent families a good thing?

A

Escape abuse, more stable to live off benefits

47
Q

Renevoize (1985)

A

Single parenthood choice, can provide without a man.

48
Q

That evil fart face Charles Murray

A

Benefits give perverse in incentive for dependency culture and single motherhood. Solution is to abolish benefits

49
Q

Criticisms for Charles Murray ( yes there are many )

A

More likely to be in poverty- 60% can’t work as childcare cost too high - current benefits not enough
Women earn less grrrrrr
Many fathers fail to pay maintenance

50
Q

What notable change has immigration brought to the family?

A

Increased diversity

51
Q

What is the typical Asian family like?

A

Value extended family, bigger households. 3.3 Indian, 4.5 Bangladeshi, 2.3 white households. 2.4 for population.

52
Q

Why is the Asian family generally bigger?

A

More British Asians of child rearing age
Ballard (1982) extended family key support when immigrating in the 50s and 60s
Practical support when emigrating to new country

53
Q

What percentage of black families are lone parent?

A

50%

54
Q

Why does maize believe there is such a high proportion of lone parents in the black community?

A

High value on independence

55
Q

Reynolds 1997

A

Figures misleading, many lone parent families in black community actually in stable non cohabiting relationship

56
Q

What other reasons are given for the high percentage of lone parent families the black community?

A

Slavery- family disorganisation, children stay with mother, pattern continue.
Male unemployment- can’t provide, marital breakdown. Need social and geographical mobility.

57
Q

Charles 2005 and the modern extended family

A

In Swansea, no 3 generational extended family in one roof except in Bangladeshi homes.

58
Q

Wilmot 1988

A

DISPERSED EXTENDED FAMILY- geographically isolated but frequent contact through visits and phone calls.

59
Q

Chamberlain 1999

A

Multiple nuclear families - geographically dispersed, continue support. Big contribution to child rearing.
Survives as plays crucial functions for family.

60
Q

Who supports chamberlains view of the survival of the extended family due to crucial functions?

A

Bell 1968 -
M.class, father give son financial help
W. Class, see frequently, mothers help daughters domestically.

61
Q

Who supports the relatability of Bell’s study 40yrs on?

A

Charles
Mother and daughter contact increase
Sibling contact decrease

62
Q

What did Finch and Mason (1993) discover about the extended family today?

A

More expected of women than men
90% of those asked given or received financial support
50% cared for sick relative
Principle of reciprocality important- removes debt

Family and Households (11 decks)

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