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Family and Households > Demography > Flashcards

Demography Flashcards

0
Q

When were there baby booms?

A

End ww1 and ww2, 60s

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1
Q

How has the number of births changed?

A

Long term decline since 1900

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2
Q

Why has the birth rate declined?

A 
Children economic liability
Child centredness
Increasing position of women 1 in 5 45yr olds childless 2006
Decline in IMR
Changing fertility
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3
Q

IMR rates

A

1900 UK 154
2003 Syria 144
1950 UK 50 - NHS increased knowledge
2007 UK 5

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4
Q

Why has IMR declined?

A 
Better nutrition
Better care for mothers and babies
Improved housing and sanitation
Less women working in bad conditions
Better knowledge of child Heath and hygiene through women's magazines
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5
Q

Who argues against the idea that falling IMR led to smaller families?

A

Brass and Kabir 1978 -trend for smaller families start in cities not rural where IMR low

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6
Q

What are the effects of the changes in fertility?

A

More dual earners as less kids means more opportunity for both to work

Reduce the dependency ratio - short term good as reduce burden, long term bad as less to tax

Public services, I.e fewer schools and maternity clinics needed. Change in cost of maternity leave. BUT mainly political decisions.

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7
Q

What is the birth rate?

A

The number of live births per 1000 of the population per year

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8
Q

What is IMR?

A

The number of infants who die before their first birthday per thousand babies born alive per year.

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9
Q

What is the total fertility rate?

A

Average number of children a woman will have in her fertile years

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10
Q

What has the pattern to TFR been?

A

Reducing, peak 60s 2.95, but declined. Small rise since 1.63 2001 to 1.84 2006

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11
Q

Why is TFR declining?

A

More Childless

More delay having children and so have less

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12
Q

What is the amount and rate of deaths? How has this changed?

A

600,000 a year, same since 1900, but death rate changed.
1900 19
2007 10

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13
Q

When was there an increase in death rate?

A

Ww1 Spanish flu epidemic 1918 and ww2. 690,000 a year.

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14
Q

Since when has the death rate been declining?

A

50s

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15
Q

Why does Tranter (1996) believe the death rate has decreased?

A

Decrease pin infectious disease 1850-1970. Now main diseases disease of affluence, effect the older.
Social immunity to many previously deadly diseases.

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16
Q

Why does MCKEOWN (1972) believe the death rate has decreased?

A

Because of improved nutrition. Increase immunity and survival chance. Reduce deaths from TB and responsible for up to half the decrease in death rates.

17
Q

Why else do sociologists believe that the death rate has decreased?

A

Smaller families- less transmission of disease
Higher incomes
Greater knowledge of illnesses
Decline in dangerous jobs, I.e mining.
Public health and enivroment measures, I.e clean air acts, stop smog like he one in 1952 which killed 4000 in 5 days.

18
Q

Why are children an economic liability?

A

Laws say can’t work

Changing norms of what children have the right to expect from parents has changed increasing the cost of their welfare.

19
Q

Why have some sociologists criticised MCKEOWN?

A

Women ate less but lived longer

Diarrhea and measles deaths rose during time of increased nutrition.

20
Q

What is life expectancy?

A

How long a person born in a given year can expect to live

21
Q

Why do we have an ageing population?

A

Increasing life expectancy

Decreasing IMR and TFR

22
Q

Historical stats on life expectancy

A

1900 - 50
2005- 76
More chance of living to 65 in 2005 than living to 1 in 1900

23
Q

How does region, gender and class effect life expectancy?

A

South, women, upper class more likely to live longer.

24
Q

What is the effect of an ageing population?

A

Increase in one person households
Change to public services, ie health care increase and change in public transport policies.
Increase dependency ratio, but ageing population caused by decrease in children so may balance out.

25
Q

TOWNSEND (1981)

A

Socially constructed ageism - construct as dependent by giving statuary retirement age. Seen as a burden in contrast to other untried.

26
Q

HIRCH 2005 and policy implications

A

Need cultural change in ideas
Suggests reversing trend to early retirement by providing more educational resources to older people so that they can continue earning.
Housing trade downs- give younger people and families housing whilst freeing up wealth and increasing living standards if the elderly

27
Q

HIRCH and pyramids

A

Age blocks instead of pyramids, 2041 should be as many 78 yr olds as 5 yr olds

28
Q

What is migration?

A

The movement of people from place to place.

29
Q

What is net migration?

A

The number difference between the numbers Immigrating and the numbers emigrating from a country.

30
Q

What is the pattern of net migration?

A

Prior to 80s, more emigrate than immigrate, population grew naturally.
2004 net migration 223,000 into Uk. Bigger than previous, not as much as 91

31
Q

What is the pattern of immigration to the uk?

A

Pre 50s - Irish
50s - Caribbean
60s/70s - Asian
2001- minority ethnic groups count for 7.9% of population.

32
Q

Why do people emigrate to the UK?

A

Elderly to retire

Young males for work

33
Q

Why has immigration increased?

A

EU opened to 10 new countries 2004. 4/5th of immigration in that year from these countries.

34
Q

What has this cone ton effect uk population?

A

Wouldn’t have increased without immigration.

35
Q

Why do some people people chose to emigrate?

A

Persecution
Economic (can be push or pull factor)
Assisted passage schemes in which the gov or foreign gov pay part or all costs of emigration. Mainly old commonwealth countries, boost communication and ties. Political and ideological

36
Q

How does immigration effect the dependency ratio?

A

If working age, lowers

If high TFR initially increase but reduce long term

37
Q

How does immigration effect TFR?

A

Can increase it, 22% of births 2005 from immigrants

But longer in country, closer TFR gets to national average.

38
Q

What is internal migration?

A

Migration from one area of a country to another

39
Q

What has been the historical pattern of internal migration?

A

Industrialisation- south to north, rural to urban
C20th- north to South, chemical and car industry
C21st- move to London and South for service sector.

40
Q

What has been a corresponding trend to 21st century internal migration?

A

SUBURBANISATION - growth of large residential areas around major cities.
Recently reversing.

Family and Households (11 decks)

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