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4th Year Neurology > Pattern Recognition and (Very) Basic Anatomy > Flashcards

Pattern Recognition and (Very) Basic Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Muscle wasting is a ____ motor neuron sign

A

Lower

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2
Q

Increased muscle tone is a ____ motor neuron sign

A

Upper

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3
Q

Pathological reflexes is a ____ motor neuron sign

A

Upper

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4
Q

Normal or decreased muscle tone is a ____ motor neuron sign

A

Lower

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5
Q

Decreased or absent superficial reflexes is a ____ motor neuron sign

A

Upper

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6
Q

Increased deep tendon reflexes (hyperreflexia) is a ____ motor neuron sign

A

Upper

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7
Q

A central pattern of sensory loss is a ____ motor neuron sign

A

Upper

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8
Q

Fasciculation is a ____ motor neuron sign

A

Lower

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9
Q

A generalized or predominantly proximal/distal/focal weakness distribution is a ____ motor neuron sign

A

Lower

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10
Q

Peripheral nerve/root or glove and stocking distribution of sensory loss is a ____ motor neuron sign

A

Lower

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11
Q

A corticospinal distribution (weak extensors in the arm, weak flexors in the legs) or hemiparesis or quadriparesis or monoparesis or faciobrachial weakness distribution is a ____ motor neuron sign

A

Upper

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12
Q

Spastic gait is a ____ motor neuron sign

A

Upper

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13
Q

Slowed movements is a ____ motor neuron sign

A

Upper

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14
Q

A resting tremor (present when the subject is relaxed, and decreasing on maintaining a posture or during movement) is found classically in which condition?

A

Parkinson’s disease

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15
Q

A postural/action tremor (present on maintaining a posture and during movement, but disappearing at rest) is found in which conditions?

A

Drugs, anxiety, thyrotoxicosis etc

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16
Q

An intention tremor (present only toward the end of a movement to a target, causing overshoot) is present in which conditions?

A

Cerebellar disease

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17
Q

Pathological increased tone is split into spasticity and rigidity. Which of these is associated with UMN lesions

A

Spasticity - velocity dependent and usually associated with an UMN distribution of weakness and brisk tendon reflexes and sometimes clonus

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18
Q

Pathological increased tone is split into spasticity and rigidity. Which of these is associated with extrapyramidal conditions affecting basal ganglia (eg Parkinson’s)

A

Rigidity - not velocity dependent and not usually associated weakness or change in tendon reflexes. Can have a “cog-wheel” or “lead-pipe” quality

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19
Q

A spastic gait (asymmetric foot dragging) is caused by what?

A

Upper motor neurone lesions

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20
Q

A Parkinsonian gait (small shuffling steps) is caused by what?

A

Basal ganglia pathology

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21
Q

An ataxic gait (widebased & unsteady) is caused by what?

A
  • Cerebellar disease
  • Hydrocephalus
  • Propriocetive loss (Neuropathy/myelophathy)
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22
Q

A bilateral high stepping gait is caused by what?

A

Peripheral neuropathy

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23
Q

Dystonia (continuous spasms and muscle contractions), akathisia (may manifest as motor restlessness),[1] parkinsonism (characteristic symptoms such as rigidity), bradykinesia (slowness of movement), tremor, and tardive dyskinesia (irregular, jerky movements) are all examples of what kind of symptoms?

A

Extrapyramidal symptoms

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24
Q

The dermatome that covers the ear and back of the head is supplied by_____?

A

C2

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25
Q

The dermatome that covers part of the lower arm and the thumb is supplied by_____?

A

C6

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26
Q

The dermatome that is at the umbilicus is supplied by_____?

A

T10

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27
Q

The dermatome that covers the shoulder is supplied by_____?

A

C5

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28
Q

The dermatome that covers the upper anterior thigh is supplied by_____?

A

L2

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29
Q

The dermatome that covers the heel is supplied by_____?

A

S1

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30
Q

The dermatome that is just above the hip girdle is supplied by_____?

A

T12

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31
Q

The dermatome that covers the posterior thigh is supplied by_____?

A

S2

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32
Q

The dermatome that covers the neck is supplied by_____?

A

C3

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33
Q

The dermatome that covers the the middle finger is supplied by_____?

A

C7

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34
Q

The dermatome that covers the lower part of the upper anterior thigh and inside the knee is supplied by_____?

A

L3

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35
Q

The dermatome that covers the space between the neck and the shoulder is supplied by_____?

A

C4

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36
Q

The dermatome that covers the buttocks is supplied by_____?

A

S3

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37
Q

The dermatome that covers the ring and little fingers and part of the lower arm is supplied by_____?

A

C8

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38
Q

The dermatome that covers the nipple is supplied by_____?

A

T4

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39
Q

The dermatome that covers the knee and part of anterior lower leg is supplied by_____?

A

L4

40
Q

The 2 dermatomes that supply the skin of the genitals are supplied by_____?

A

S2, 3

41
Q

The dermatome that is at the level of the xiphoid process is supplied by_____?

A

T6

42
Q

The dermatome that covers part of the anterior lower leg, the foot and all toes but the pinky tow is supplied by_____?

A

L5

43
Q

Bulbar palsies are caused by a ____ lesion

A

LMN

44
Q

Pseudobulbar palsies are caused by a ____ lesion

A

UMN

45
Q

The biceps reflex is supplied by which 2 spinal and 1 named nerves?

A

C5/6 and musculocutaneous

46
Q

The triceps reflex is supplied by which 2 spinal and 1 named nerves?

A

C7/8 and radial

47
Q

The patellar reflex is supplied by which 2 spinal nerves?

A

L3/4

48
Q

The ankle reflex is supplied by which 2 spinal nerves?

A

S1/2

49
Q

DANISH stands for what in the cerebellar examination?

A 
D - dysdiadochokinesis (difficulty performing quick and alternating movements)
A - ataxia
N - nystagmus
I - intention tremor
S - scanning dysarthria
H - heel-shin test positivity
50
Q

CN I is what type of nerve?

A

Special sensory

51
Q

CN II is what type of nerve?

A

Special sensory

52
Q

CN III is what type of nerve?

A

Motor

53
Q

CN IV is what type of nerve?

A

Motor

54
Q

CN V is what type of nerve?

A

Both

55
Q

CN VI is what type of nerve?

A

Motor

56
Q

CN VII is what type of nerve?

A

Both (inc. special sensory to anterior 2/3 of tongue)

57
Q

CN VIII is what type of nerve?

A

Sensory

58
Q

CN IX is what type of nerve?

A

Both (inc. special sensory to posterior 1/3 of tongue)

59
Q

CN X is what type of nerve?

A

Both

60
Q

CN XI is what type of nerve?

A

Motor

61
Q

CN XII is what type of nerve?

A

Motor

62
Q

CN I controls what?

A

Sense of smell

63
Q

CN II controls what?

A
  • Visual acuity
  • Sensory part of pupillary reflex
  • Accommodation reflex
64
Q

CN III controls what?

A
  • Eye movements
  • Eyelid elevation
  • Pupillary reflex (motor part)
65
Q

CN IV controls what?

A

Eye movements (Lateral Rectus)

66
Q

CN V controls what?

A
  • Facial sensation
  • Sensation to anterior 2/3 of tongue
  • Corneal reflex (sensory part)
  • Mastication
67
Q

CN VI controls what?

A

Eye movements (Superior Oblique)

68
Q

CN VII controls what?

A
  • Facial expression
  • Taste to anterior 2/3 of tongue
  • Corneal reflex (motor part)
  • Innervation to submandibular and sublingual glands
69
Q

CN VIII controls what?

A
  • Hearing

- Balance

70
Q

CN IX controls what?

A
  • Sensation + taste to posterior 1/3 of tongue
  • Gag reflex/swallowing (sensory part)
  • Innervates parotid gland
71
Q

CN X controls what?

A
  • Gag reflex/swallowing (motor part)

- Speech (articulation)

72
Q

CN XI controls what?

A
  • Shoulder movement

- Head rotation

73
Q

CN XII controls what?

A
  • Tongue movement

- Speech (articulation)

74
Q

Excitatory synapses use which neurotransmitter?

A

Glutamate

75
Q

Inhibatory synapses use which neurotransmitter?

A

GABA and glycine

76
Q

The dorsal column medial leminscal (DCML) pathway does what?

A

Senses discriminatory touch, pressure, vibration, conscious proprioception

77
Q

The spinothalamic tract (STT) does what?

A

Senses pain, thermosensation, crude touch, itch, tickle

78
Q

Which of the somatic sensory pathways crosses to the contralateral side?

A

The spinothalamic tract

79
Q

Are the dorsal columns in the anterior or posterior of the spinal cord?

A

Posterior

80
Q

Where is the somatosensory cortex found in the brain?

A

Post central gyrus of the parietal cortex immediately posterior to the central sulcus

81
Q

The corticospinal tract/pyramidal tract does what?

A

Controls primary motor activity

82
Q

Apetitive and approach system is controlled by which neurotransmitter?

A

Dopamine

83
Q

Aversive and defensive system is controlled by which neurotransmitter?

A

Serotonin

84
Q

Where is Wernicke’s area?

A

In the temporal lobe of the dominant hemisphere

85
Q

Where is Broca’s area?

A

The frontal lobe of the dominant hemisphere

86
Q

Hoffman’s sign is what?

A

Flexion of ipsilateral thumb elicited by flicking the nail of the middle finger (shows problem in corticospinal tract)

87
Q

Babinski’s sign is what?

A

An extension of the hallux (upwards response) during plantar reflex testing (indicates an UMN lesion)

88
Q

Lhermitte’s sign is what?

A

An uncomfortable “electrical” sensation that runs through the back and into the limbs (suggests a lesion or compression of the upper cervical spinal cord or lower brainstem)

89
Q

Gower’s sign is what?

A

Patient that has to use their hands and arms to “walk” up their own body from a squatting position

90
Q

Pronator drift is what?

A

Arms held out, palms up for ten seconds. weak arm drops and pronates (turns palm down). Tests for lesions on one side of the brain affecting arms – upper motor neuron sign

91
Q

What does the 4AT primarily test for

A

Rapid dementia screening

92
Q

Problems in the cervical spine can cause both upper and lower motor neuron signs. True or false.

A

True - can be UMN if central

93
Q

Problems in the thoracic spine can cause both upper and lower motor neuron signs. True or false.

A

True - can be UMN if central

94
Q

Problems in the thoracic spine can cause both upper and lower motor neuron signs. True or false.

A

False - only LMN signs and only legs can be involved

95
Q

What are fasciculations?

A

A brief spontaneous contraction affecting a small number of muscle fibres, often causing a flicker of movement under the skin (LMN sign)

96
Q

What is clonus?

A

Rhythmic contraction of a muscle group elicited by a rapid passive stretch of it (UMN sign)

4th Year Neurology (13 decks)

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