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4th Year Neurology > Neurodegenerative Disorders > Flashcards

Neurodegenerative Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Is Parkinson’s disease typically a cerebellar, pyramidal tract or extra-pyramidal tract problem?

A

Extra-pyramidal

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2
Q

List the triad of the “Parkinsonian syndrome”

A

Rigidity
Bradykinesia
Resting tremor

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3
Q

List clinical motor features of Parkinson’s disease

A 
Resting tremor
Muscle rigidity +/- cogwheeling
Bradykinesia
Gait
Postural impairment
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4
Q

List clinical non-motor features of Parkinson’s disease

A 
Olfactory dysfunction
Cognitive impairment
Psychiatric symptoms
Sleep problems
Pain and fatigue
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5
Q

Diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease occurs with the onset of motor symptoms. True/False?

A

True

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6
Q

List side effects of levodopa and dopamine agonists

A 
Nausea
Daytime somnolence
Oedema
Impulse control disorders
Hallucinations
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7
Q

Levodopa is associated with dyskinesia and motor fluctuations in the long-term. True/False?

A

True

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8
Q

What is the protein significant in Parkinson’s disease?

A

α-synuclein

Lewy bodies

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9
Q

How does Parkinson’s disease dementia differ from lewy body dementia?

A

Lewy Body dementia = dementia <1 year after presentation

Parkinson’s disease dementia = >1year after presentation

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10
Q

What is the main management of Parkinson’s disease?

A

Levodopa or dopamine agonists

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11
Q

What genetic condition increases the risk of Alzheimer’s disease?

A

Down’s syndrome

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12
Q

What is the protein significant in Alzheimer’s disease?

A

Amyloid

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13
Q

What are the early vs late symptoms of Alzheimer’s?

A

Early:
• Insidious impairment of higher intellectual function (eg forgetfulness - memory loss particularly short term) – gradual deterioration
• Alterations in mood and behaviours

Later:
• Progressive disorientation
• Memory loss
• Aphasia - impairment of language

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14
Q

What lobes of the brain atrophy in Alzheimer’s disease?

A

Temporal & parietal

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15
Q

What is the treatment for mild Alzheimer’s?

A

Cholinesterase inhibitors (eg rivastigmine / galantamine / donepezil)

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16
Q

What is the treatment for moderate/severe Alzheimer’s?

A

NMDA receptor blocker (eg Memantine)

17
Q

What are the side effects of cholinesterase inhibitors

A 
- GI upset
Tiredness
- Headache
- Sleep disturbance
- Muscle cramps
- Worsen COPD/asthma
- Bradycardia
18
Q

What are the side effects of NMDA receptor blockers

A

Dizziness, hypertension, confusion, agitation, sedation, headache, insomnia, constipation and hallucinations

19
Q

What is the protein significant in Lewy body dementia?

A

α-synuclein

20
Q

What type of hallucinations are experienced in lewy body dementia?

A

Recurrent well-formed visual hallucinations

21
Q

Cognitive impairment occurs before or around the same time as the movement disorder in lewy body dementia. True or false?

A

True

as opposed to PD dementia where the movement disorder is present for at least 1 year before cognitive impairment

22
Q

What is the treatment of lewy body dementia?

A

Small dose levodopa/cholinesterase inhibitors (Rivastigmine)

23
Q

What is the protein significant in Huntington’s disease?

A

Huntingtin

24
Q

What is the triad of symptoms in Huntington’s disease?

A

Emotional, cognitive and motor disturbance

25
Q

What is chorea?

A

Involuntary dance like movements

26
Q

What is myoclonus?

A

Quick, involuntary muscle jerk

27
Q

What is the protein significant in fronto-temporal (Pick’s) dementia?

A

Tau

28
Q

What assessment is used for fronto-temporal dementia?

A

Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB)

29
Q

What are the core criteria for vascular dementia?

A

Presence of cerebrovascular disease
+
A clear temporal relationship between the onset of dementia and cerebrovascular disease – stepwise dementia with plateaus and then drops in cognition

4th Year Neurology (13 decks)

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