Patomorphology final exam review Flashcards by Anne Lodders

Pathology meaning (1. Pathology: concept and tasks)

Pathology is the study of the processes and abnormalities in the organism caused by dysfunctions in the vital processes of the organism

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Which two categories is pathology divivded into? (1. Pathology: concept and tasks)

-ANATOMICAL PATHOLOGY (macroscopic changes)
-HISTOPATHOLOGY (microscopic changes)

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Anatomical pathology definition and two subcategories (1. Pathology: concept and tasks)

Anatomical pathology deals with morphological changes in the organism caused by diseases. Anatomical pathology is divided into general pathology and specific pathology.

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General pathology studies and explains which three things (1. Pathology: concept and tasks)

1) Essential nature and types of disease
2) Regularities of pathological processes
3) Start of pathogenesis, course and end of disease

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What kind of pathological processes are there? (1. Pathology: concept and tasks)

-Degenerations
-Necroses
-Disturbance of blood and lymph circulation
-Adaptive, compensatory and regenerative processes
-Inflammation
-Tumors

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History of pathology

R. Virchow in 19th century was the first to point out that pathological conditions may change the composition of cells and tissues. He was the first to describe degenerations like fuzzy swelling and amyloidosis

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Concepts of health and disease

HEALTH - physical, mental, and social well-being of the organism

DISEASE - abnormal condition of a part, organ, or system of an organism resulting from various cases such as infection, inflammation, environmental factors, or genetic defect, and characterized by an identifiable group of signs, symptoms or both

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External causes of diseases:

-Nutrition
-Mechanical
-Chemical
-Physical
-Biological

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Internal causes of diseases

-Disposition
-Lack of immunity
-Heredity
-Constitution

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Diseases according to their origin, duration and extent

ORIGIN:
-Hereditary diseases
-Congenital diseases
-Acquired diseases

DURATION:
-Acute disease
-Subacute disease
-Chronic disease

Extent:
-Local (focal) disease
-General (diffuse, systemic) disease

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How diseases spread

Spread variants:
-Continuosly
-By contact
-Via blood and lymph
-Via nerves (lymph vessels around nerve fibers)

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Final phase of diseases

-Full recovery
-Incomplete recovery
-Death

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What are degenerations?

Disorder of an organ, organism and tissue caused by malnutrition or metabolism. May alter the shape, size, location, and form. Can be reversible or irreversible.

Degenerations can develop due to infiltration, abnormal synthesis, transformation and decomposition.

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What is infiltration?

Accumulation of proteins, fat, carbohydrates, metabolic waste products

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What is abnormal synthesis?

Lower or higher amount of proteins or amyloidosis

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What is transformation?

fat to protein, protein to fat etc

What is decomposition?

Macromolecules disintegrate

Protein degeneration or proteinosis (protein overload)

Changes associated with disturbances in protein metabolism. According to the location or morphological changes, can be divided into intracellular, extracellular and mixed dystrophies.

4 intracellular or parenchymatous protein degenerations

-Granular degeneration
-Hyalin-drop degeneration
-Hydropic or vacuolar degeneration
-Keratinous degeneration

What is granular degeneration?

Granules accumulate in cytoplasm of the cell (making it cloudy) –> makes the cell swell.

Organ becomes enlarged and lighter in color. Organ function weakens.

Causes: intoxication, infectious disease, disturbance in blood and lymph circulation.

What is hyalin-drop degeneration?

Hyaline drops of various sizes appear in the cytoplasm of cells. Weakens the funciton of organ. Irreversible.

Mainly affects kidneys, rarely liver.

What is hydropic or vacuolar degeneration?

Fluid-filled vacuoles form in the cytoplasm of the cell. Caused by protein-water-electrolyte imbalance. Cells swell.

Occurs in epithelia of skin, mucosa, renal tubules, renal cells, muscle fibers.

Some infectious diseases might also cause (FMD).

What is keratinous degeneration?

Pathological keratinization. Either keratinizing epithelium produces excessive keratin or keratin appears in regions where it normally does not exist.

Caused by disturbances in metabolism, hypovitaminosis A, infectious and parasitic diseases.

Four types of extracellular or mesenchymal dysproteinemias:

-Mucoid degeneration
-Fibroid degeneration
-Hyalin degeneration
-Amyloidosis

What is mucoid degeneration/swelling?

Degeneration of connective tissue into gelatinous or mucoid substance. Can be intracellular or extracellular. Intracellular - epithelium cells produce excess mucus and cells get destroyed. (e.g. colloid goiter) Extracellular - Extracellular substance will be substituted with slimy mass. Fibrous connective tissue will swell and become gel-like.

What is fibrinoid degeneration?

Disintegration of connective tissue of organs and vessels. Collagen fibres swell and break down and mix with plasma cells forming the substance fibrinoid. Results in dysfunction of organ. Fibrinoid might turn into hyalin later or cause fibrinoid necrosis.

What is hyalin degeneration or hyalinosis?

Cytoplasm of cells starts to resemble hyalin (homogenous, glassy appearance). Hyalinosis affects connective tissue of organs and walls of blood vessels. Irreversible. Hyalin production --> walls of vessels harden --> lumen narrows --> hypoxia

What is amyloid degeneration/amyloidosis?

Amyloid deposit in tissues between cells. Amyloid is formed when fibrous protein mixes with connective tissue glycosaminoglucans and blood proteins. Can be general or focal. Common in liver, spleen, kidneys, adrenals. General amyloidosis is caused by chronic diseases that cause tissue protein disintegration with the proteins absorbing into blood (necrotic and mucous processes, tuberculosis). Amyloid will deposit in tissues and cause cell atrophy. Amyloid will also accumulate in walls of blood vessels and cause disturbances in blood circulation.

What are mixed protein degenerations?

Complications of both intracellular and extracellular protein metabolism. Morphological changes both in cells and connective tissue. Includes also disturbances in chromoprotein, glycoprotein and nucleoprotein metabolism.

What are chromoprotein metabolism disturbances? 3 different types?

Causes pigmentation change in tissue. Hemoglobinogenic pigments Proteinogenic pigments Lipid pigments

What are hemoglobinogenic pigments?

Hemosiderin, ferritin and bilirubin Result from physiological or pathological hemolysis. Intense hemolysis --> jaundice

What are proteinogenic pigments?

Involved in metabolism of amino acids tyrosine and tryptophan. Melanin is most important one. Melanin causes the dark color in hair, skin, iris etc. Melanin is a protective pigment. Disturbance in melanogenesis might cause an increased production of melanin or production in abnormal locations. Might also cause shortage or lack of melanin. Melanosis - too much melanin Albinism - lack of melanin

What are lipid pigments?

Endogenic liporotein pigments. ipofucsin and lipochromes.

What are glycoprotein change disturbances?

Group includes mucous substances (mucin) and mucinoid substances (mucoids). Mucins form the main proportion of mucus. Important is mucoid degeneration.

What is mucoid de