Patomorpho koekyssät, 2 sarja Flashcards by Anne Lodders

Diseases according to their origin, duration, and extent

Origin:
-Hereditary diseases - genetical
-Congenital diseases - developmental, already present when born
-Acquired diseases

Duration:
-Peracute
-Acute
-Subacute
-Chronic

Extent:
-Local (focal)
-General (diffuse)

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Fatty degenerations are divided into:

Parenchymal fatty degenerations (functional tissue) and Mesenchymal fatty degenerations (connective tissue)

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Three organs that parenchymal fatty degeneration esp. can affect

Liver, kidney, myocardium

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Causes for parenchymal fatty degeneration:

Hypoxia
Contagious diseases
Intoxication
Deficiency of carbohydrates and proteins
Metabolic and blood flow disorders

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Parenchymal fatty degeneration in liver?

Liver fatty degeneration - enlarged and yellow

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Parenchymal fatty degeneration in myocarcium?

Focal, yellow stripes, “tiger heart”

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Parenchymal fatty degeneration in kidney

In tubulars, border between cortex and medulla reduces. Kidney expands. Greyish-yellow

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In general, what happens in parenchymal fatty degeneration?

Functioning tissue will be “replaced” by fat or fat will come between normal tissue

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What are mesenchymal fatty degenerations?

Neutral metabolic disturbance
Cachexia - chronic diseases, malnutrition
Obesity - buildup of fat subcutaneously, omentum, mesenterium, under epicardium

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What is thrombosis?

Formation of solid mass in blood, lumen of blood bessels, or coronary cavities

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Factors for thrombosis (3)

Injuries to the vessel or heart walls
Slower blood flow in vessels
Increased blood coagulation

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What pathologies can cause thrombosis?

Inflammatory and toxic processes (including parasites)
Arteriosclerosis
Tumors

Inflammation may spread from the vessel to the surrounding tissue

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According to their appearance and consistency, thrombi are divided into:

White
Red
Mixed

Hyaline thrombi may also occur

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Morphology of thrombi

It has a head, body and tail

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Classification of thrombi according to the lumen

1) Mural thrombi - lumen is partly occluded, thrombus is attached to the wall
2) Occluding thrombi - lumen is completely obstructed

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What is pneumonia?

Any inflammatory lesion in lungs

6 different ways of classifying pneumonia

By…

-cause
-type of exudation
-morphological features

-distribution of lesions
-Epidemiologic attributes
-Miscellaneous attributes

Examples of pneumonias according to their cause

-viral pneumonia
-pasteurella pneumonia
-distemper pneumonia
-chemical pneumonia
-hypersensitivity pneumonia

Examples of pneumonias according to their type of exudation

-Suppurative pneumonia
-Fibrous pneumonia
-Pyogranulomatous pneumonia

Examples of pneumonias according to their morphological features

-Gangrenous pneumonia
-Proliferative pneumonia
-Embolic pneumonia

Examples of pneumonias according to their distribution of lesions

-Focal pneumonia
-Cranioventral pneumonia
-Diffuse pneumonia
-Lobar pneumonia

Examples of pneumonias according to their epidemiologic attributes

-Enzootic pneumonia
-Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
-Geographic regions like montana progressive pneumonia

Examples of pneumonias according to their miscellanous attributes

-Atypical pneumonia
-Cuffing pneumonia
-Progressive pneumonia
-Aspiration pneumonia

What are 4 morphologically distinct types of pneumonias?

-Bronchopneumonia
-Interstitial pneumonia
-Embolic pneumonia
-Granulomatous pneumonia

What is tuberculosis? Causative agents?

Worldwide chronic disease of humans and animals Mycobacterium bovis, mycobacterium tuberculosis

How does tuberculosis spread in the body?

Bacilli are inhaled --> reach alveoli --> spread via infected macrophages through lymph vessels

What is the most common disease type in adult cattle in tuberculosis

Respiratory infection (more than 90% of bovine cases). Granulomas form at the site of infection --> granulomatous pneumonia

Three different tuberculosis types

-Miliary tuberculosis: mycobacteria form small focis (tubercles) of infection (like millet seeds). Mycoplasma bovis causes this! -Caseous tuberculosis -Peritoneal tuberculosis

Autopsy of cranial and cervical organs starts with...

external examination

(Necropsy of head and neck) After external examination, what will you do?

Remove head and cervical organs at atlanto-occipital joint

What cut will you make when removing the cervical organs, tongue, and other organs of the head?

Upper cheek is incised longitudinally from corner of the mouth to masseter muscle

(Necropsy of head and neck) Differences in large and small animals?

Small animals: cervical organs are not separated from head, but examined all together in situ Large animals: cervical organs are separated and placed on their dorsal surface upwards

(Necropsy of head and neck) After removing cervical and head organs, what do you do?

Remove mandible by sawing through lower part of mandible, behind molars

(Necropsy of head and neck) After removing the mandible and examining all the tissues there, what will you do?

Open the cranial cavity (multiple different options how) and remove brain

(Necropsy of head and neck) After removing and examining the brain, what do you do?

Dissect the nasal cavity, nasal conchae, sinuses, eyes, ears, and other parts

4 main points in describing lesions

-Important to be able to differentiate between normal and abnormal -Have to take into account post mortem -changes -Use as few words as possible -Use descriptive words, be clear and precise

When describing organs, they are divided into 2 categories:

-Solid organs -Hollow organs

Whats the difference in describing solid and hollow organs?

With hollow organs, you have to also describe the contents (nature, volume, consistency etc)