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PharmTech Exam > Patient Safety > Flashcards

Patient Safety Flashcards

1
Q

NDC stands for?

A

National Drug Codes

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2
Q

how many digits is the NDC of a drug

A

10

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3
Q

how many segments in an NDC

A

3

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4
Q

what does each segment of NDC mean

A

first: manufacturer, second: drug formulation, third: package size

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5
Q

bar code scanning

A

help prevent medication errors

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6
Q

what are LASA medications

A

lookalike-soundalike drugs

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7
Q

which Institute came up with LASA?

A

Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP)

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8
Q

what does LASA prevent?

A

choosing the wrong medication

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9
Q

Tall-Man Lettering

A

uses capital letters on part of a drug name

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10
Q

how many types of Tall Man lettering are there?

A

2

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11
Q

the first type of tall man lettering is recommended by what?

A

the FDA

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12
Q

who recommends the second type of tall man lettering

A

Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP)

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13
Q

what does leading and trailing zeroes prevent?

A

dosage errors

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14
Q

what is a lead zero

A

used before the decimal

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15
Q

what is a trailing zero?

A

used after a decimal

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16
Q

when does a trailing zero not be applied

A

to whole numbers

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17
Q

ISMP Error Prone Abbreviations

A

list of abbreviations that are misinterpreted and should be avoided

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18
Q

spacing dose and units

A

space between the number and the unit should be added

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19
Q

drug name and dose

A

should never be ran together as it can be mistaken

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20
Q

should abbreviated drug names be used

A

no

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21
Q

which act introduced the DURs in 1990?

A

Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA)

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22
Q

what does a DUR stand for?

A

Drug Utilization Reviews

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23
Q

what does a DUR increase?

A

adherence and compliance

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24
Q

what is a DUR?

A

a review of the patient profile, where past medications are checked by the RPh

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25
Q

what protocol must be followed while preparing for a DUR?

A

identifying a target therapeutic goal

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26
Q

what are the 3 kinds of DUR?

A

prospective, concurrent, and retrospective

27
Q

what does the prospective DUR do?

A

it attempts to identify potential errors beforehand such as drug-drug interactions, drug-disease interactions, changes in dosing, over/underuse of medication.

28
Q

when does a prospective DUR occur?

A

before dispensing

29
Q

when does a concurrent DUR occur?

A

at the same time as being dispensed

30
Q

what are problems identified in a concurrent DUR?

A

inapproprate dose changes, abuse, potential of drug-disease interaction, and drug to drug interaction

31
Q

what is a disadvantage of a concurrent DUR?

A

the pharmacist might not have complete patient data causing multiple reviews that are time-consuming and expensive

32
Q

what does a retrospective DUR examine?

A

the impact of medication after being dispensed

33
Q

what is a con of retrospective DUR?

A

harm or death may already have occurred to the patient

34
Q

what does PIL stand for

A

patient information leaflet

35
Q

what is a PIL

A

document that answers basic questions of a drug like trade/generic name, drug indication, mechanism, clinical pharmacology, side effects, rare adverse effects, warning, and dosing times

36
Q

do all meds require PIL ?

A

yes

37
Q

what is a MedGuide?

A

document that contains specific risks of certain medications

38
Q

what are some examples of drugs that require a medguide?

A

isotretinoin, NSAIDs, antidepressants, fentanyl, metformin, amphetamine, immunosuppressants

39
Q

what is the name of the FDA’s reporting system for an adverse reaction?

A

MedWatch, founded in 1993

40
Q

adverse reactions are?

A

unexpected reactions

41
Q

which two categories are not covered by MedWatch?

A

vaccines and vet stuff

42
Q

what is the reporting system for vaccines?

A

VAERS: Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System

43
Q

benefits of MedWatch?

A

it can detect unexpected reactions for which FDA issues an alert notice to professionals and the public

44
Q

what is the Beer’s Criteria?

A

an important list of meds with caution for elders. these meds have added risk

45
Q

why elders?

A

they metabolize drugs to a lesser extent causing drug to accumulate

46
Q

what are the 4 objectives with Beer’s Criteria?

A
  1. Deprescribing meds that are no longer necessary
  2. Reducing polypharmacy as much as possible
  3. Reducing drug-drug and drug-disease interactions
  4. Increasing risk benefit ratio of med to patient
47
Q

what events are sentinel events?

A

events that cause death or permanent/temporary harm in the healthcare (to patients, staff, or both)

48
Q

are sentinel events common

A

no, but constitute medical emergencies that may involve law enforcement

49
Q

what are examples of sentinel events?

A
  • patient committing suicide
  • unexpected death of an infant brought to full term
  • infant discharged to the wrong person or family
  • rape/assault of a patient/staff
50
Q

all sentinel events must be recorded for?

A

analysis

51
Q

root cause analysis, RCA

A

analyzing the cause of the incident and implement preventive measures

52
Q

polypharmacy

A

patient taking at least 5 medications at the same time

53
Q

who does polypharmacy affect the most?

A

elders

54
Q

prescription cascade

A

side effect of a medicine is assumed as a new problem, requiring additional medication

55
Q

what does polypharmacy increase?

A

risk of med error, drug-disease interaction, and loss of compliance

56
Q

compliance

A

patient following medical advice

57
Q

is compliance same as adherence?

A

yes

58
Q

concordance

A

patient and doctor relationship where they work together for the treatment

59
Q

placebo

A

what a patient believes about the medication
positive mental states about a drug can impact how the drug affects the patient

60
Q

nocebo

A

patients have negative expectations of a drug

61
Q

crash cart medication

A

crash cart contains equipment and meds that needed for the first 30 minutes of a medical emergency

62
Q

how often is the crash cart maintained

A

monthly

63
Q

what is the crash cart maintenance checked for

A

batteries and expired medications

64
Q

auxiliary labels

A

caution labels for safe administration, use, and storage

PharmTech Exam (7 decks)

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