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PharmTech Exam > Medications > Flashcards

Medications Flashcards

1
Q

Pharmacology

A

how drugs work in the body

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2
Q

what is an indication

A

the indication of a drug is what the drug is licensed to treat

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3
Q

what is the indication of ampicillin

A

bacterial infections

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4
Q

indication of metformin?

A

type 2 diabetes

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5
Q

indication of Viagra (sildenafil)?

A

erectile dysfunction

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6
Q

can meds have more than one indication?

A

yes

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7
Q

what is a mechanism of action of a drug?

A

how a drug works to achieve its therapeutic effect

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8
Q

what is the mechanism of action also called?

A

mode of action

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9
Q

what are the indication of statins?

A

high blood pressure

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10
Q

what is the medical term for high blood pressure?

A

hypercholesterolemia

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11
Q

how do statins work?

A

by inhibiting the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase –an essential enzyme in the production of cholesterol in the body

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12
Q

side effect

A

expected reactions that occur while taking the drug

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13
Q

some side effects of metformin

A

taste disturbance
diarrhea
weight loss
lactic acidosis
vitamin B12 deficiency

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14
Q

adverse effects

A

unintended, potentially life threatening effects

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15
Q

side effects can be positive or negative (true or false)

A

true

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16
Q

adverse effects are only negative (true or false)

A

true

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17
Q

pharmacokinetics

A

discipline of pharmacology that studies how an organism affects a drug

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18
Q

what is the acronym for pharmacokinetics?

A

ADME
absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion

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19
Q

what are the two ways to metabolize drugs

A

via the liver and via gastrointestinal tract

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20
Q

pharmacodynamics (PD)

A

talks about what the drug does to the body – the biochemical and physiological effects of drug on the body

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21
Q

what helps learn the optimum dose

A

pharmacodynamics

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22
Q

optimum dose-response relationship

A

limits side effects whilst maximizing the clinical effects of the drug

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23
Q

what are receptors?

A

proteins-chemical structures in the body

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24
Q

what happens when a receptor is activated?

A

a physiological response takes place

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25
Q

what binds to receptors?

A

neurotransmitters

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26
Q

what are the 4 main neurotransmitters?

A

histamine, serotonin, dopamine, and epinephrine

27
Q

what is agonism?

A

the receptor has been activated

28
Q

what is antagonism?

A

when you have deactivated the receptor – when you block the reaction

29
Q

where are beta 1 receptors?

A

heart

30
Q

where are beta 2 receptors?

A

lungs

31
Q

what is a common receptor?

A

histamine (most important are H1 and H2)

32
Q

antihistamines work by blocking the _____ ?

A

H1 receptor

33
Q

H1 receptor antagonists include:

A

loratadine
levocetirizine
fexofenadine
azelastine
chlorpheniramine

34
Q

where is the H2 receptor located

A

in the stomach

35
Q

what happens when neurotransmitter binds to the H2 receptor?

A

acid production occurs

36
Q

H2 antagonists prevent histamine from binding to the H2 receptor in the stomach and prevent what?

A

gastric acid production

37
Q

what do H2 antagonists treat?

A

indigestion, dyspepsia, gastro-esophageal reflux disease

38
Q

example of H2 antagonists?

A

ranitidine

39
Q

what are agonists?

A

drugs that bind to receptors and promote its natural physiological outcome

40
Q

what are antagonists?

A

drugs that block receptors

41
Q

what does albuterol target?

A

beta-2 receptors

42
Q

CYP 450 enzyme system

A

a superfamily of enzymes elaborate bodily system involved in metabolizing drugs

43
Q

where are CYP enzymes located

A

in the liver

44
Q

what is known as the great factory of drug metabolism

A

liver

45
Q

where can CYP enzymes also be found in

A

the intestine

46
Q

what enzyme is known as metabolizing over half of all the prescribed drugs?

A

CYP 3A4

47
Q

what are CYP inducers?

A

drugs that enhance the effects of CYP 3A4

48
Q

an example of CYP inducer?

A

carbamazepine

49
Q

if a person is taking ketoconazole and carbamazepine at the same time, what happens?

A

carbamazepine induces the activity of CYP 3A4, meaning that ketoconazole is metabolized faster than expected, also eliminated from the body faster

50
Q

what three things can drugs interact with?

A

other drugs
with food
with disease

51
Q

can drug-drug interactions be positive and negative?

A

yes

52
Q

what is a synergistic effect?

A

when two drugs complement the effects of each other

53
Q

diuretics also cause potassium loss, known as

A

hypokalemia

54
Q

what is given when hypokalemia is caused by a water pill

A

“potassium-sparing diuretic”
this enhances the effect of the original water pill
(case of loop diuretic)

55
Q

notable side effect of statins?

A

muscle damage
myopathies rhabdomyolysis

56
Q

what do tetracyclines interact with?

A

calcium ions
if a person takes milk or dairy products with tetracycline, it prevents the drug from working

57
Q

what are MAO inhibitors

A

drugs used in treating depression and parkinsons disease

58
Q

what are examples of MAO inhibitors

A

tranylcypromine (parnate)
isocarboxazid (marplan)
phenelzine (nardil)

59
Q

what do MAO inhibitors interact with?

A

tyramine

60
Q

what is tyramine

A

amino acid that helps regulate blood pressure

61
Q

what does a patent mean

A

company that developed the drug has legal control over the ingredient produced in the med

62
Q

what happens when a patent expires

A

competitor pharmaceutical companies can now produce the med at a cheaper cost

63
Q

what is different in generic and brand meds?

A

excipients differ

64
Q

what is the half life?

A

how long it takes a med to reduce by 50 percent in pt body

PharmTech Exam (7 decks)

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