Medications

Question 1

Pharmacology

Answer 1

how drugs work in the body

Question 2

what is an indication

Answer 2

the indication of a drug is what the drug is licensed to treat

Question 3

what is the indication of ampicillin

Answer 3

bacterial infections

Question 4

indication of metformin?

Answer 4

type 2 diabetes

Question 5

indication of Viagra (sildenafil)?

Answer 5

erectile dysfunction

Question 6

can meds have more than one indication?

Answer 6

yes

Question 7

what is a mechanism of action of a drug?

Answer 7

how a drug works to achieve its therapeutic effect

Question 8

what is the mechanism of action also called?

Answer 8

mode of action

Question 9

what are the indication of statins?

Answer 9

high blood pressure

Question 10

what is the medical term for high blood pressure?

Answer 10

hypercholesterolemia

Question 11

how do statins work?

Answer 11

by inhibiting the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase –an essential enzyme in the production of cholesterol in the body

Question 12

side effect

Answer 12

expected reactions that occur while taking the drug

Question 13

some side effects of metformin

Answer 13

taste disturbance
diarrhea
weight loss
lactic acidosis
vitamin B12 deficiency

Question 14

adverse effects

Answer 14

unintended, potentially life threatening effects

Question 15

side effects can be positive or negative (true or false)

Answer 15

true

Question 16

adverse effects are only negative (true or false)

Answer 16

true

Question 17

pharmacokinetics

Answer 17

discipline of pharmacology that studies how an organism affects a drug

Question 18

what is the acronym for pharmacokinetics?

Answer 18

ADME
absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion

Question 19

what are the two ways to metabolize drugs

Answer 19

via the liver and via gastrointestinal tract

Question 20

pharmacodynamics (PD)

Answer 20

talks about what the drug does to the body – the biochemical and physiological effects of drug on the body

Question 21

what helps learn the optimum dose

Answer 21

pharmacodynamics

Question 22

optimum dose-response relationship

Answer 22

limits side effects whilst maximizing the clinical effects of the drug

Question 23

what are receptors?

Answer 23

proteins-chemical structures in the body

Question 24

what happens when a receptor is activated?

Answer 24

a physiological response takes place

Question 25

what binds to receptors?

Answer 25

neurotransmitters

Question 26

what are the 4 main neurotransmitters?

Answer 26

histamine, serotonin, dopamine, and epinephrine

Question 27

what is agonism?

Answer 27

the receptor has been activated

Question 28

what is antagonism?

Answer 28

when you have deactivated the receptor -- when you block the reaction

Question 29

where are beta 1 receptors?

Answer 29

heart

Question 30

where are beta 2 receptors?

Answer 30

lungs

Question 31

what is a common receptor?

Answer 31

histamine (most important are H1 and H2)

Question 32

antihistamines work by blocking the _____ ?

Answer 32

H1 receptor

Question 33

H1 receptor antagonists include:

Answer 33

loratadine levocetirizine fexofenadine azelastine chlorpheniramine

Question 34

where is the H2 receptor located

Answer 34

in the stomach

Question 35

what happens when neurotransmitter binds to the H2 receptor?

Answer 35

acid production occurs

Question 36

H2 antagonists prevent histamine from binding to the H2 receptor in the stomach and prevent what?

Answer 36

gastric acid production

Question 37

what do H2 antagonists treat?

Answer 37

indigestion, dyspepsia, gastro-esophageal reflux disease

Question 38

example of H2 antagonists?

Answer 38

ranitidine

Question 39

what are agonists?

Answer 39

drugs that bind to receptors and promote its natural physiological outcome

Question 40

what are antagonists?

Answer 40

drugs that block receptors

Question 41

what does albuterol target?

Answer 41

beta-2 receptors

Question 42

CYP 450 enzyme system

Answer 42

a superfamily of enzymes elaborate bodily system involved in metabolizing drugs

Question 43

where are CYP enzymes located

Answer 43

in the liver

Question 44

what is known as the great factory of drug metabolism

Answer 44

liver

Question 45

where can CYP enzymes also be found in

Answer 45

the intestine

Question 46

what enzyme is known as metabolizing over half of all the prescribed drugs?

Answer 46

CYP 3A4

Question 47

what are CYP inducers?

Answer 47

drugs that enhance the effects of CYP 3A4

Question 48

an example of CYP inducer?

Answer 48

carbamazepine

Question 49

if a person is taking ketoconazole and carbamazepine at the same time, what happens?

Answer 49

carbamazepine induces the activity of CYP 3A4, meaning that ketoconazole is metabolized faster than expected, also eliminated from the body faster

Question 50

what three things can drugs interact with?

Answer 50

other drugs with food with disease

Question 51

can drug-drug interactions be positive and negative?

Answer 51

yes

Question 52

what is a synergistic effect?

Answer 52

when two drugs complement the effects of each other

Question 53

diuretics also cause potassium loss, known as

Answer 53

hypokalemia

Question 54

what is given when hypokalemia is caused by a water pill

Answer 54

"potassium-sparing diuretic" this enhances the effect of the original water pill (case of loop diuretic)

Question 55

notable side effect of statins?

Answer 55

muscle damage myopathies rhabdomyolysis

Question 56

what do tetracyclines interact with?

Answer 56

calcium ions if a person takes milk or dairy products with tetracycline, it prevents the drug from working

Question 57

what are MAO inhibitors

Answer 57

drugs used in treating depression and parkinsons disease

Question 58

what are examples of MAO inhibitors

Answer 58

tranylcypromine (parnate) isocarboxazid (marplan) phenelzine (nardil)

Question 59

what do MAO inhibitors interact with?

Answer 59

tyramine

Question 60

what is tyramine

Answer 60

amino acid that helps regulate blood pressure

Question 61

what does a patent mean

Answer 61

company that developed the drug has legal control over the ingredient produced in the med

Question 62

what happens when a patent expires

Answer 62

competitor pharmaceutical companies can now produce the med at a cheaper cost

Question 63

what is different in generic and brand meds?

Answer 63

excipients differ

Question 64

what is the half life?

Answer 64

how long it takes a med to reduce by 50 percent in pt body