pathways that harvest chemical energy

Question 1

how do cells get energy from glucose?

Answer 1

in a series of metabolic pathways

Question 2

metabolic pathways

Answer 2

coordinated series of biological reactions catalyzed by enzymes that convert molecules into other molecules

Question 3

five principles of metabolic pathways

Answer 3

-complex transformations occur in a series of separate reactions
-each reaction is catalyzed by a specific enzyme
-many metabolic pathways are similar in all organisms
-in eukaryotes, metabolic pathways are compartmentalized in specific organelles
-key enzymes can be inhibited or activated to alter the rate of the pathway

Question 4

three catabolic processes that harvest energy from glucose

Answer 4

-glycolysis (anaerobic)
-cellular respiration (aerobic)
-fermentation (anaerobic)

Question 5

oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions

Answer 5

one substance transfers electrons to another substance

Question 6

reduction

Answer 6

gain of electrons-oxidizing agent
oxidation and reduction always occur together

Question 7

oxidation

Answer 7

loss of electrons-reducing agent
oxidation and reduction always occur together

Question 8

glycolysis

Answer 8

-takes place in the cytoplasm
-converts glucose to 2 molecules of pyruvate
-produces 2 ATP and NADH
-occurs in 10 steps

Question 9

oxidation-reduction in metabolic pathways

Answer 9

-energy released by glucose oxidation is trapped via the reduction of NAD+ and NADH
-exergonic reaction

Question 10

substrate-level phosphorylation

Answer 10

-energy released transfers a phosphate from the substrate to ADP, forming ATP
-exergonic
-less energy is released