energy and energy transformations Flashcards

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1
Q

law of thermodynamics

A

-apply to all matter and all energy transformations in the universe
-help us understand how cells harvest and transform energy to sustain life

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2
Q

energy

A

the capacity to do work

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3
Q

potential energy

A

energy stored as chemical bonds, concentration gradient

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4
Q

kinetic energy

A

the energy of movement

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5
Q

metabolism

A

-sum total of all chemical reactions occurring in a biological system at a given time
-involve energy changes

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6
Q

anabolic reactions

A

complex molecules are made from simpler molecules; energy is required

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7
Q

catabolic reactions

A

complex molecules are broken down to simpler ones; energy is released

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8
Q

law of thermodynamics rules

A

1) energy is not created nor destroyed in a closed system but can be transformed
2) when energy is converted from one to another, some of that energy becomes unavailable to do work

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9
Q

entropy (s)

A

-a measure of the disorder in a system
-unusable energy

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10
Q

enthalpy (h)

A

total energy

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11
Q

free energy (g)

A

usable energy that can do work

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12
Q

enthalpy-total energy (h) =

A

H= G + TS
total energy=free energy + (absolute temperature) (unusable energy)

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13
Q

change in free energy of a chemical reaction

A

^G=^H - T^S
change in free energy= total energy - (absolute temperature) (unusable energy)

if ^G is -: free energy is released
if ^G is+: free energy is required

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14
Q

exergonic

A

reactions release free energy(-^G)
-catabolism-complexity decreases (generates disorder)

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15
Q

endergonic

A

reactions consume free energy (+^G)
-anabolism-complexity (order) increase

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16
Q

ATP
(adenosine triphosphate)

A

-captures and transfers free energy
-ATP can be hydrolyzed to ADP and Pi, releasing a lot of energy for endergonic reactions
-can phosphorylate (donate a phosphate group to) other molecules, which gain some energy