pathways

Question 1

Function: Provide blood glucose (liver). Provide glucose to produce energy for muscle contractions (muscle).

Substrates: Glycogen, Free phosphates

Products: free glucose and g-1-p or g-6-p

Answer 1

glycogenolysis (glycogen degradation)

Question 2

Control Enzyme: glycogen synthase

Regulation: Insulin/Glucagon ratio and amount of glucose present (liver), epinephrine can also inhibit. Muscle insulin level (muscle).

Compartment: cytosol tissues: liver and muscles

Answer 2

Glycogenesis

Question 3

Control: debrancher enzyme, glycogen phosphorylase

Reg: G phosphorylase, also epi has an effect. (Phosphorylation activates control enzyme.) In muscle, GNL is regulated via activation of glycogen phosphorylase by [AMP], [Ca2+],presence of epi C: Cytosol

Answer 3

Glycogenolysis (glycogen degradation)

Question 4

Functions: To make NADPH (used for detoxification [ie. glutathione synthesis] and Reductive Biosynthesis [ie. fatty acid synthesis]) and Ribose 5 phosphate (nucleotide synthesis) .

Answer 4

Pentose Phosphate Pathway

Question 5

Irreversible PPP Pathway.

Answer 5

Oxidative

Question 6

Pathway synthesizes ribose 5-phosphate.

Answer 6

Non oxidative PPP

Question 7

Functions: Produce energy and produce substrates for other anabolic pathways.

Substrates: Glucose (or G-6-P),ADP,NAD+

Product: ATP, pyruvate

Answer 7

Aerobic Glycolysis

Question 8

2 primary control enzymes: Isocitrate dehydrogenase and a-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

Regulation: ATP/ADP ratio and the rate of ATP use

Compartment(s): Mitochondrial matrix Tissues: all except rbc

Answer 8

TCA/Kreb/ETC

Question 9

What happens to citrate in the TCA cycle?

Answer 9

Isomerized by aconitase to isocitrate

Question 10

What are the electron carriers of the ETC?

Answer 10

NADH, FADH2, coenzyme Q, cytochrome C, O2

Question 11

NADH & FADH2 are reducing or oxidizing agents?

Answer 11

strong reducing agents

Question 12

Water-soluble electron carriers

Answer 12

NADH

Question 13

electrons passed from succinate to FAD in TCA cycle, electrons are transferred from FADH2 to three Fe-S centers and then to Q, two protons are taken up to from QH2

Answer 13

Complex II:succinate dehydrogenase

Question 14

FMN (riboflavin) accepts electrons and protons from NADH+H to become FMNH2, FMNH2 contains an iron/sulphur center which takes two hydrogen and transfers them to coenzyme Q = QH2 (4 protons transferred into intermembrane space of mito)

Answer 14

Complex I:NADH Dehydrogenase action

Question 15

Q bind CytoB and heme accepts e-, e- transferred to CytoC1, CytoC1 (membrane bound) transfers e- to CytoC (water soluble/mobile) which can diffuses and donate it’s electrons to complex IV, 4 protons pumped

Answer 15

Complex III: cytochrome C oxidoreductase

Question 16

iron atoms of the heme groups in the cytochromes and copper atoms are oxidized and reduced as electrons flow from cyto C to O2 to make water, 2 protons pumped

Answer 16

Complex IV: cytochrome oxidase

Question 17

Where does superoxide USUALLY come from?

Answer 17

leaks from complex I

Question 18

What type of metabolic pathway is Gluconeogenesis?

Answer 18

ANABOLIC

* generates glucose from non carb carbon substrates

Question 19

What type of metabolic pathway is Glycogenesis?

Answer 19

ANABOLIC

* generates glycogen from glucose molecules

Question 20

What type of metabolic pathway is Glycolysis?

Answer 20

CATABOLIC

* converts glucose to pyruvate

Question 21

What type of metabolic pathway is Citric acid cycle?

Answer 21

CATABOLIC

* converts CHO, fat, protein into CO2 and water

Question 22

This pathway synthesizes ribose 5-phosphate.

Answer 22

PPP Non oxidative pathway

Question 23

This is where NADPH, ribulose 5-phosphate, and CO2 are generated. This pathway is a substrate for glutathione reductase, fatty acid synthesis, cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, and deoxynucleotide synthesis.

Answer 23

PPP Oxidative pathway