Pathway diagrams

Question 1

Draw out the precursers to the amino acids

Answer 1

Question 2

Draw out the Citric Acid Cycle

Answer 2

Question 3

Draw out Gluconeogenesis

Answer 3

Question 4

Draw Out Glycolysis

Answer 4

Question 5

Draw out Oxidative Phosphorylation

Answer 5

Question 6

Draw out Purine Biosynthesis

Answer 6

Question 7

Draw out Pyrimidine Biosynthesis

Answer 7

Question 8

Draw a Diagram of DNA Replication

Answer 8

Question 9

Draw out the pentose phosphate pathway

Answer 9

Question 10

Draw a diagram depicting the conversion of glycogen to glucose 6-phosphate.

Answer 10

The Glucose 1-phosphate —-> Glucose 6-phosphate reaction is catalyzed by Phosphoglucomutase

Question 11

Draw a diagram depicting glycogen synthesis starting with glucose 1-phosphate.

Answer 11

Note: the enzyme catalyzing the conversion of glucose 1-phosphate to UDP-Glucose is: UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase

Question 12

Draw a diagram depicting the control of glycogen metabolism by Glucagon and/or Epinephrine as well as insulin.

Answer 12

FIGURE 21.19 Coordinate control of glycogen metabolism. Glycogen metabolism is regulated, in part, by hormone-triggered cyclic AMP cascades. The sequence of reactions leading to the activation of protein kinase A ultimately activates glycogen degradation. At the same time, protein kinase A along with glycogen synthase kinase inactivates glycogen synthase, shutting down glycogen synthesis.

Question 13

Draw a diagram depicting the control of glycogen metabolism via insulin

Answer 13

FIGURE 21.22 Insulin inactivates glycogen synthase kinase. Insulin triggers a cascade that leads to the phosphorylation and inactivation of glycogen synthase kinase and prevents the phosphorylation of glycogen synthase. Protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) removes the phosphates from glycogen synthase, thereby activating the enzyme and allowing glycogen synthesis. IRS, insulin-receptor substrate.

Question 14

Draw a diagram depicting the Urea Cycle. Include enzymes and cofactors.

Answer 14

Question 15

Draw a diagram depicting the basic pathways of Protein degradation

Answer 15

Question 16

Draw a diagram depicting the creation of acyl-CoA and the Beta-Oxidation Pathway

Answer 16

Question 17

Draw a diagram depicting the synthesis of fatty acids starting with acetyl-CoA

Answer 17

Make sure to include something about elongating by condensing Malanoyl-ACP with butyryl ACP.

When chain is finished, a thioesterase hydrolyzes C₁₆-Acyl ACP to yield Palmitate and ACP.

Question 18

Draw a basic diagram depicting the 4 phases of the cell cycle. Mark the control points and what they check for.

Answer 18

Question 19

Draw a diagram depicting control of the cell cycle. Should include cyclin levels as well as other molecules.

Answer 19

Question 20

Give a brief description of Prophase and draw a simple diagram of it.

Answer 20

1. Chromosomes (each consisting of 2 closely associated sister chromatids) condense
2. Outside nucleus, mitotic spindle assembles between the 2 chromosomes
3. the centrosomes have been replicated and moved apart.

Question 21

Give a brief description of Prometaphase and draw a simple diagram of it.

Answer 21

1. Starts with breakdown of nuclear envelope
2. chromosomes can now attach to spindle microtubules via kinetochores and undergo active movement.

Question 22

Give a brief description of Metaphase and draw a simple diagram of it.

Answer 22

1. Chromosomes are aligned at equator of spindle
2. kinetochore microtubules attach sister chromatids to opposite poles of the spindle.

Question 23

Give a brief description of Anaphase and draw a simple diagram of it.

Answer 23

1. Sister chromatids separate to form 2 daughter chromosomes
2. The daughter chromosomes are pulled apart towards the spindle poles
3. kinetochore microtubules shorten
4. spindle poles move apart

Question 24

Give a brief description of Telophase and draw a simple diagram of it.

Answer 24

1. Daughter chromosomes arrive at poles of spindle and decondense
2. a new nuclear envelope reassembles around each set
   
   1. this completes the formation of 2 nuclei, marking end of mitosis.
3. Division of cytoplasm begins with contraction of the contractile ring.

Question 25

Give a brief description of Cytokinesis and draw a simple diagram of it.

Answer 25

1. Cytoplasm is divided in 2 by contractile ring 1. made of actin and myosin II filaments 2. Cell pinched in two to create 2 daughter cells 3. each daughter cell has 1 nucleus.

Question 26

Draw out the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway (drawings of molecules are not necessary)

Answer 26

Question 27

Draw a diagram depicting receptor mediated endocytosis, use LDL as the example.

Answer 27

FIGURE 26.20 Receptor-mediated endocytosis. The process of receptor-mediated endocytosis is illustrated for the cholesterol-carrying complex, low-density lipoprotein (LDL): 1. (1) LDL binds to a specific receptor, the LDL receptor; 2. (2) this complex invaginates to form an endosome; 3. (3) after separation from its receptor, the LDL-containing vesicle fuses with a lysosome, leading to the degradation of the LDL and the release of the cholesterol.

Question 28

Draw the steroid synthesis pathway

Answer 28

Question 29

Draw a diagram depicting pathway integration of synthesis of Triacylglycerols and Phospholipids

Answer 29

Question 30

In what 2 ways is phosphatidate formed?

Answer 30

Question 31

How are Triacylglycerols formed from phosphatidate? Which enzyme is a key regulating enzyme in lipid synthesis?

Answer 31

Phosphatidic acid phosphatase is a key regulatory enzyme since it converts phosphatidate to DAG, which is used in lipid creation.

Question 32

Draw a diagram depicting the regulation of lipid synthesis

Answer 32

Question 33

Draw a diagram depicting sphingolipid synthesis.

Answer 33

Question 34

Draw a diagram depicting the activated phosphatidate pathway of lipid synthesis. Use inositol as the alcohol. (there is no need to draw molecular diagrams).

Answer 34

Question 35

Draw a diagram depicting the activated alcohol pathway of lipid synthesis. Use ethanolamine as the alcohol. (no need to draw molecular structures)

Answer 35

Question 37

What does cytochrome P450 do?

Answer 37

It catalyzes hydroxylations by using NADPH and O2

Question 38

Draw a diagram depicting the light reactions of photosynthesis

Answer 38

Question 39

How are glycolysis and gluconeogenesis regulated in the liver and muscle?

Answer 39

Glycolysis: 1. Liver: 1. also regulated by ATP, not as important as in muscle 2. Citrate inhibits phosphofructokinase 3. Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate increases affinity phosphofructokinase for Fructose 6-phosphate 2. Muscle 1. High levels of ATP inhibit phosphofructokinase, Higher levels of AMP stimulate it. 2. glucose 6-phosphate inhibits hexokinase 3. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate stimulates pyruvate kinase. 4. low pH inhibits

Question 40

How is the citric acid cycle regulated?

Answer 40

Question 42

Draw a diagram depicting the secretory pathway.

Answer 42

Question 43

Draw a diagram depicting prokaryotic translation. Mark initiation, elongation, and termination parts of it.

Answer 43

Question 44

Draw a diagram depicting the light reactions of photosynthesis.

Answer 44

Question 45

Draw a diagram depicting the calvin cycle.

Answer 45

Question 46

Describe the C4 pathway. What environment do plants need it in? Why is it needed?

Answer 46

* It is a pathway of carbon fixation * needed in hot climate * needed because increased temperature increases photorespiration. * Having the carbon be transported to site of calvin cycle, away from site of carbon absorption, means that less wasteful photorespiration happens.

Question 47

Draw the pentose phosphate pathway including: Enzymes, and all oxidative phase components

Answer 47

Question 48

Draw the pyrimidine synthesis pathway with enzymes.

Answer 48

Question 49

Draw the purine biosynthesis pathway with enzymes.

Answer 49

Question 83

In what 2 ways can phosphatidylcholine be synthesized? Why is it important?

Answer 83

1. Activated alcohol method of lipid synthesis, with dietary choline being converted to UDP-choline by CTP-phosphocholine cytidyltransferase (CCT) - a rate limiting step 2. In the liver, an enzyme called phosphatidylethanolamine methyl transferase converts phosphatidylethanolamine to phosphatidylcholine by 3 methylation reactions. 1. S-adenysylmethionine is the methyl donor. 2. only happens if there are low levels of dietary choline 3. Phosphatidylcholine is important because around 50% of membrane mass is made of it.

Question 88

What are the 2 mechanisms of protein sorting and which organelles or structures do they send proteins to?

Answer 88

1. General mechanism - synthesized in cytoplasm. 1. Nucleus 2. Chloroplasts 3. Mitochondria 4. Peroxisomes 2. Secretory pathway - ribosomes moved to rough ER 1. secretory proteins 2. Residents of ER 3. Golgi Complex 4. Lysosomes 5. Integral membrane proteins for these organelles. 6. Integral plasma membrane proteins.

Question 97

Describe the salvage pathway of Thymine released from degraded DNA

Answer 97

1. Thymine converted to nucleoside thymidine 1. Reaction catalyzed by *Thymidine phosphorylase* 2. Thymine + Deoxyribose 1-phosphate Thymidine + Pi 2. Thymidine converted into a nucleotide 1. Reaction catalyzed by *Thymidine kinase* 2. Thymidine + ATP TMP + ADP

Question 98

Draw prokaryptic initiation

Answer 98

Question 99

Draw prokaryotic elongation

Answer 99

Question 100

Draw prokaryotic termination

Answer 100

Question 101

Draw eukaryotic initiation

Answer 101

Question 102

Draw eukaryotic circularization

Answer 102