Match Terms from Book Flashcards by Jake Kleiner

A) Leu - 6) nonpolar aliphatic
B) Glu - 2) Acidic
C) Lys - 3) Basic
D) Ser - 1) Hydroxyl Containing
E) Cys - 4) Sulfur Containing
F) Trp - 5) Non-polar aromatic

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A) Replication
- 2) DNA Polymerase
- 4) dNTP
- 8) Primer
B) Transcription
- 1) RNA polymerase
- 6) NTP
- 10) Promotor
C) Translation
- 3) Ribosome
- 5) tRNA
- 7) mRNA
- 9) rRNA

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A) fMet - 3) The first of many amino acids
B) Shine-Dalgarno - 6) Locates start site
C) Intron - 2) Removed during processing
D) Exon - 5) Joined to make final message
E) pre-mRNA - 7) Discontinuous message
F) mRNA - 1) Continuous message
G) Spliceosome - 4) Joins exons

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Question 8.15

A) 1 = 0
B) 10^-5 = +28.53
C) 10⁴ = -22.84
D) 10² = -11.42
E) 10^-1 = +5.69

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10.19

A) ATCase - 7) Inhibited by CTP
B) T State - 8) Less active state of an allosteric enzyme
C) R State - 11) More active state of an allosteric enzyme
D) Phosphorylation - 6) Common Covalent modification
E) Kinase - 1) Protein phosphorylation catalyst
F) Phosphatase - 12) Removes phosphates
G) cAMP - 3) Activates a particular kinase
H) Zymogen - 4) Proenzyme
I) Enteropeptidase - 5) Activates trypsin
J) Vitamin K - 2) Required to modify glutamate
K) Thrombin - 10) Forms fibrin
L) Tissue Factor - 9) Initiates extrinsic pathway.

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11.3

A) Enantiomers - 10) Stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other
B) Cellulose - 6) The most abundant organic molecule in the biosphere.
C) Lectins - 8) Carbohydrate Binding proteins
D) Glycosyltransferases - 9) Enzymes that synthesize oligosaccharides
E) Epimers - 2) Monosaccharides that differ at a single asymmetric carbon atom.
F) Starch - 4) The storage form of glucose in plants.
G) Carbohydrates - 1) Has the molecular formula (CH₂O)_n.
H) Proteoglycan - 5) Glycoprotein containing glycosaminoglycans.
I) Mucoprotein - 7) N-Acetylgalactosamine is a key component of this glycoprotein.
J) Glycogen - 3) The storage form of glucose in animals.

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15.5

1) Cellular energy Currency - F) ATP
2) Anabolic electron carrier - H) NADP⁺
3) Phototroph - I) Converts light energy to chemical energy.
4) Catabolic electron carrier - A) NAD⁺
5) Oxidation-reduction reaction - G) Transfers electrons
6) Activated carrier of two carbon fragments - B) Coenzyme A
7) Vitamin - C) Precurser to coenzymes
8) Anabolism - E) Requires energy
9) Amphibolic reaction - J) Used in both anabolism and catabolism.
10) Catabolism - D) Yields energy

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16.2

A) Hexokinase - 4) Phosphorylates glucose
B) Phosphoglucose Isomerase - 3) Converts glucose 6-phosphate into fructose 6-phosphate.
C) Phosphofructokinase - 1) Forms fructose 1,6 bisphosphate__.
D) Aldolase - 6) Cleaves fructose 1,6-bisphosphate.
E) Triose phosphate isomerase - 8) Catalyzes the interconversion of 3-carbon isomers.
F) Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase - 2) Generates the first high-phosphoryl-transfer-potential-compound that is not ATP.
G) Phosphoglycerate kinase - 10) Generates the first molecule of ATP.
H) Phosphoglycerate mutase - 9) Converts 3-phosphoglycerate into 2-phosphoglycerate.
I) Enolase - 7) Generates the second high-phosphoryl-transfer-potential-compound that is not ATP.
J) Pyruvate kinase - 5) Generates the second molecule of ATP.

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16.12

A) Lactate - 6) Readily converted into pyruvate.
B) Pyruvate Carboxylase - 1) Generates oxaloacetate.
C) Acetyl CoA - 7) Required for pyruvate carboxylase activity.
D) Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase - 3) Generates a high-phosphoryl-transfer-potential compound.
E) Glycerol - 2) Readily converted into DHAP.
F) Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase - 5) Gluconeogenic counterpart of PFK.
G) Glucose 6-phosphatase - 4) Found predominantly in liver.

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16.19

A) Glucose 6-phosphate - 4) Inhibits hexokinase.
B) [ATP],[AMP] - 10) Stimulates phosphofructokinase.
C) Citrate - 1) Inhibits phosphofructokinase in the liver.
D) Low pH - 5) Inhibits phosphofructokinase in muscle.
E) Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate - 7) stimulates pyruvate kinase.
F) Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate - 8) Stimulates phosphofructokinase in liver.
G) Insulin - 9) Causes insertion of GLUT4 in cell membrane.
H) Has a high Km for glucose - 2) Glucokinase
I) Transporter specific to liver and pancreas - 3) GLUT2
J) [ATP] > [AMP] - 6) Inhibits phosphofructokinase

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16.30

A) Glycolysis
- 2) Increase in AMP
- 3) Increase in fructose 2,6-bisphosphate
- 6) Increase in insulin
- 9) Fed
B) Gluconeogenesis
- 1) Increase in ATP
- 4) Increase in citrate
- 5) Increase in acetyl CoA
- 7) Increase in Glucagon
- 8) Fasting

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17.12

A) Acetyl CoA - 6) Fuel for the citric acid cycle.
B) Citric acid cycle - 10) Central metabolic hub.
C) Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex - 1) Catalyzes the link between glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
D) Thiamine pyrophosphate - 7) Coenzyme required by pyruvate dehydrogenase.
E) Lipoic acid - 2) Coenzyme required by transacetylase.
F) Pyruvate dehydrogenase - 8) Catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate.
G) Acetyllipoamide - 3) Final product of pyruvate dehydrogenase.
H) Dihydrolipoyl transacetylase - 4) Catalyzes formation of acetyl CoA.
I) Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase - 5) Regenerates active transacetylase.
J) Beriberi - 9) due to a deficiency of thiamine.

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17.19

A) Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex - 5) Converts pyruvate into acetyl CoA.
B) Cytrate synthase - 7) Condenses oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA.
C) Aconitase - 1) Catalyzes the formation of isocitrate.
D) Isocitrate dehydrogenase - 10) Catalyzes the formation of alpha-ketoglutarate.
E) Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase - 2) Synthesizes succinyl CoA.
F) Succinyl CoA synthetase - 4) Generates ATP.
G) Succinate dehydrogenase - 9) Synthesizes fumarate.
H) Fumarase - 3) Generates malate.
I) Malate dehydrogenase - 8) Catalyzes the formation of oxaloacetate.
J) Pyruvate carboxylase - 6) Converts pyruvate into oxaloacetate.

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18.11

A) Respiration - 4) An ATP generating process in which an inorganic compound serves as the final electron acceptor.
B) Redox potential - 5) Measure of the tendancy to accept of donate electrons.
C) Electron transport chain - 2) Electron flow from NADH and FADH₂ to O₂.
D) Flavin Mononucleotide (FMN) - 10) Accepts electrons from NADH in Complex I.
E) Iron Sulfur protein - 3) Facilitates electron flow from FMN to Coenzyme Q in Complex I.
F) Coenzyme Q - 8) Lipid Soluble electron carrier.
G) Cytochrome C - 9) Donates electrons to complex IV.
H) Q cycle - 7) Funnels electrons from a two electron carrier to a one-electron carrier.
I) Superoxide dismutase - 1) Converts reactive oxygen species into hydrogen peroxide.
J) Catalase - 6) Converts hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water.

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18.12

A) Complex I - 4) NADH-Q-Oxidoreductase
B) Complex II - 3) Succinate-Q-Reductase
C) Complex III - 1) Q-cytochrome C - Oxidoreductase
D) Complex IV - 5) Cytochrome C Oxidase
E) Ubiquinone - 2) Coenzyme Q

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19.3

A) Light reactions - 7) Generates ATP, NADPH, and O₂.
B) Chloroplasts - 5) Cellular location of photosynthesis.
C) Reaction center - 4) Site of photoinduced charge separation.
D) Chlorophyll - 10) Primary photosynthetic pigment.
E) Light harvesting complex - 1) Uses resonance energy transfer to reach the reaction center.
F) Photosystem I - 2) Powers the formation of NADPH.
G) Photosystem II - 9) Transfers electrons from H₂O to P680.
H) Cytochrome bf complex - 3) Pumps protons.
I) Water oxidizing complex - 8) site of oxygen synthesis.
J) ATP synthase - 6) CF₁-CF₀ Complex.

20.19

A) Calvin Cycle - 5) The Dark Reactions.
B) Rubico - 1) Catalyzes CO₂ Fixation.
C) Carbomate - 7) Required for rubisco activity.
D) Starch - 2) Storage form of carbohydrates.
E) Sucrose - 10) Transport form of carbohydrates.
F) Amylose - 3) Alpha-1,4 linkages only.
G) Amylopectin - 6) Includes alpha-1,6-linkages.
H) C₃Plants - 4) 3-phosphoglycerate is formed after carbon fixation.
I) C₄ Plants - 8) Carbon fixation results in oxaloacetate formation.
J) Stomata - 9) Allow exchange of gasses.

21.2

A) Glycogen phosphorylase - 8) Catalyzes phosphorolytic cleavage.
B) Phosphorolysis - 3) Removal of a glucose residue by the addition of phosphate.
C) Transferase - 6) Shifts the location of several glucose residues.
D) Alpha-1,6-glucosidase - 5) Liberates a free glucose molecule.
E) Phosphoglucomutase - 9) Prepares glucose 1-phosphate for glycolysis.
F) Phosphorylase kinase - 2) Activates glycogen phosphorylase.
G) Protein Kinase A - 10) Phosphorylates phosphorylase kinase.
H) Calmodulin - 1) Calcium binding subunit of phosphorylase kinase.
I) Epinephrine - 4) Stimulates glycogen breakdown in muscle.
J) Glucagon - 7) Stimulates glycogen breakdown in liver.

21.21

A) UDP-Glucose - 4) Activated substrate for glycogen synthesis.
B) UDP-Glucose pyrophosphorylase - 1) Glucose 1-phosphate is one of its substrates.
C) Glycogen synthase - 5) Synthesizes alpha-1,4-linkages between glucose molecules.
D) Glycogenin - 10) Provides the primer for glycogen synthesis.
E) Branching enzyme - 7) Synthesizes alpha-1,6-linkages between glucose mplecules.
F) Glucose 6-phosphate - 2) Potent activator of glycogen synthase b.
G) Glycogen synthase kinase - 8) Catalyzes formation of glycogen synthase B.
H) Protein Phosphatase 1 - 9) Catalyzes formation of glycogen synthase A.
I) Insulin - 6) Leads to the inactivation of glycogen synthase kinase.
J) Glycogen phosphorylase A - 3) Glucose sensor in liver.

22.1

A) Triacylglycerol - 5) Storage form of fats.
B) Perilipin - 11) Lipid droplet-associated protein.
C) Adipose triacylglyceride lipase - 1) Enzyme that initiates lipid degradation.
D) Glucagon - 10) Simulates lipolysis.
E) Acylc CoA synthetase - 2) Activates fatty acids for degredation.
F) Carnitine - 6) Required for entry into mitochondria.
G) Beta-oxidation pathway - 9) Means by which fatty acids are degraded.
H) Enoyl CoA Isomerase - 3) Converts cis-delta³ double bond into a trans-delta²Double bond.
I) 2,4-Dienoyl CoA reductase - 4) Reduces 2,4-dienoyl intermediate to trans-delta³-enoyl CoA.
J) Methylmalonyl CoA mutase - 7) Requires Vitamin B12.
K) Ketone Body - 8) Acetoacetate.

22.20

A) ATP-Citrate lyase - 10) Generates cytoplasmic acetyl CoA.
B) Malic Enzyme - 1) Helps to generate NADPH from NADH.
C) Malanoyl CoA - 5) Activated acetyl CoA.
D) Acetyl CoA Carboxylase - 8) Catalyzes the commited step in fatty acid synthesis.
E) Acyl Carrier Protein - 3) Molecule on which fatty acids are synthesized.
F) Beta-ketoacyl synthase - 9) Catalyzes the reaction of acetyl CoA and Malanoyl CoA.
G) Palmitate - 6) The end product of fatty acid synthesis.
H) Eicosanoids - 7) Fatty Acids containing 20 carbon atoms.
I) Arachidonate - 4) A precursor of prostaglandins.
J) AMP-Activated protein kinase - 2) Inactivates acetyl CoA carboxylase.

23.3

A) Pepsin - 7) Stomach proteolytic enzyme.
B) N-Terminal rule - 4) Determines half life of a protein.
C) Ubiquitin - 2) Marks a protein for destruction.
D) PEST sequence - 10) Pro-Glu-Ser-Thr
E) Threonine nucleophiles - 5) 20S Core.
F) ATP-Dependant protein unfolding - 3) 19S regulatory subunit.
G) Proteosome - 9) Protein degrading machine.
H) Ubiquitin Activating enzyme - 1) Requires an adenylate intermediate.
I) Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme - 6) Substrate for ligase.
J) Ubiquitin-ligase - 8) Recognizes protein to be degraded.

23.16

A) Formed from NH₄⁺ - 4) Carbamoyl Phosphate.
B) Hydrolyzed to yield urea - 5) Arginine
C) A second source of nitrogen - 1) Aspartate
D) Reacts with aspartate - 6) Citrulline
E) Cleavage yields fumarate - 7) Argininosuccinate
F) Accepts the first nitrogen - 3) Orninthine
G) Final product - 2) Urea

24.2

A) Nitrogen fixation - 4) Conversion of N₂ into NH₃.
B) Nitrogenase complex - 8) Responsible for nitrogen fixation.
C) Glutamate - 10) A common amino group donor.
D) Essential amino acids - 6) Amino acids that are dietary requirements.
E) Non-essential amino acids - 7) Amino acids that are readily synthesized.
F) Aminotransferase - 9) Transfers amino groups between keto acids.
G) Pyridoxal phosphate - 3) Coenzyme required by aminiotransferases.
H) Tetrahydrofolate - 5) A Carrier of various one-carbon units.
I) S-adenosylmethionine - 2) An important methyl donor.
J) Homocysteine - 1) Methylated to form methionine.

25.6

* **A)** Excessive Urate - **_9) Gout_** * **B)** Lack of adenosine deaminase - **_7) Immunodeficiency_** * **C)** Lack of HGPRT - **_6) Lesch-Nyhan disease_** * **D)** Carbamoyl phosphate - **_10) First step in pyrimidine synthesis._** * **E)** Inosinate - **_2) Precursor to both ATP and GTP._** * **F)** Ribonucleotide reductase - **_4) Deoxynucleotide synthesis._** * **G)** Lack of Folic acid - **_1) Spina Bifida._** * **H)** Glutamine phosphoribosyl transferase - **_11) Committed step in purine synthesis._** * **I)** Single ring - **_8) Pyrimidine_** * **J)** Bicycle ring - **_3) Purine_** * **K)** Precursor to CTP - **_5) UTP._**

26.10

* **A)** Phosphatidate - **_8) Precursor to both phospholipids and triacylglycerides._** * **B)** Triacylglycerol - **_4) Storage form of fatty acids._** * **C)** Phospholipid - **_1) Glycerol based membrane lipid._** * **D)** Sphingolipid - **_9) Formed from ceramide by the attachement of phosphocholine._** * **E)** Cerebroside - **_3) Ceramide with either glucose or galactose attached._** * **F)** Ganglioside - **_10) Ceramide with multiple carbohydrates attached._** * **G)** Cholesterol - **_5) Squalene is a precursor to this molecule._** * **H)** Mevalonate - **_2) Product of the committed step in cholesterol synthesis._** * **I)** Lipoprotein particle - **_6) Transports cholesterols and lipids._** * **J)** Steroid hormone - **_7) Derived from cholesterol._**

27.8

* **1)** Secreted by adipose tissue * **_1) Leptin_** * **_2) Adiponectin_** * **2)** Stimulates liver gluconeogenesis * **_6) Glucagon_** * **3)** GPCR Pathway * **_3) GLP-1_** * **_4) CCK_** * **_6) Glucagon_** * **4)** Satiety Signal * **_3) GLP-1_** * **_4) CCK_** * **5)** Enhances insulin secretion * **_3) GLP-1_** * **6)** Secreted by pancreas during a fast * **_6) Glucagon_** * **7)** Secreted after a meal * **_5) Insulin_** * **8)** Stimulates glycogen synthesis * **_5) Insulin_** * **9)** Missing in type I diabetes * **_5) Insulin_**

* **A)** Initiation * **_1) GTP_** * **_2) AUG_** * **_3) fMet_** * **_5) IF2_** * **_6) Shine-Dalgarno_** * **_10) Transformylase_** * **B)** Elongation * **_1) GTP_** * **_2) AUG_** * **_7) EF-Tu_** * **_8) Peptidyl Transferase_** * **C)** Termination * **_1) GTP_** * **_4) RRF_** * **_8) Peptidyl transferase_** * **_9) UGA_**