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MSII Unit II > Pathphysio > Flashcards

Pathphysio Flashcards

1
Q

What stimulates the production of platelets?

A

TPO and IL-6

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2
Q

Normal hematocrit

A

4.6-6 for male/4.2-5.4 for female (x10^6/uL)

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3
Q

Normal WBC

A

4000-11000/uL

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4
Q

Normlal Platelets

A

150,000-400,000/uL

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5
Q

Blood smear is stained with?

A

Wright stain

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6
Q

Why is it a left shift when many band cells?

A

Band cells are immature neutrophils

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7
Q

Monocyte has long lifespan, but only stay in circulation for 3 days. Why?

A

They mainly stay in tissues

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8
Q

What is the half life for platelet?

A

Around 10 days

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9
Q

What cause platelet degranulation?

A

thrombin/ADP/collagen

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10
Q

What can induce platelet activation?

A

PAF/thromboxane A2/serotonin/epi

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11
Q

What is the final product of coagulation system?

A

Fibrin

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12
Q

Factor 8 of the coagulation factor is made by?

A

Endothelial cells

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13
Q

Factor 2/7/9/10 are dependent on liver enzyme __ which depend on ___?

A

gammacarboxylase/vitamine K

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14
Q

What is the steps for initiation of secondary hemostasis?

A

Thromboplastin is released at the injured cell—>activate factor 7 and form thromboplastin-factor 7 complex—>activate factor 9/10—>factor 5/10 + Ca + PF3 turn prothrombin to thrombin—>thrombin turn fibrinogen to fibrin

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15
Q

vWF is usually complexed with factor __?

A

Factor 8

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16
Q

What is the steps for amplification of secondary hemostasis?

A

Occur at platelet surface—>thrombin activates factor 5/8/11—>factor 11 activate factor 9

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17
Q

What is the steps for propagation of secondary hemostasis?

A

Factor 8/9 and Ca2+ and phospholipid form tenase—>tenase activate factor 10

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18
Q

Factor __ stabilizes the fibrin complex

A

Factor 8

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19
Q

Prothrombinase activity is sustained by factor __ and __

A

Factor 8/9

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20
Q

Antithrombin activity is enhanced by ___?

A

Heparin

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21
Q

Protein C inactivate factor __ and __?

A

5/8

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22
Q

Smokers have elevated ___?

A

EPO

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23
Q

What is demargination of neutrophil?

A

Corticosteroid cause the release of neutrophil from the marginated pool that is attached to the blood vessel wall

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24
Q

When iron is repleted during iron deficiency anemia, ___ increases as well?

A

Platelet

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25
Q

Iron is absorbed in the ___?

A

Duodenum

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26
Q

Internalization of ferroportin causes?

A

Decrease iron export to plasma (sequestering iron)

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27
Q

Role of heme-regulated translational inhibitor (HRI)?

A

Heme deficiency (from iron deficiency)—->HRI inhibit Hb synthesis by inhibiting eIF2

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28
Q

What does transferrin receptor (TfR) do?

A

Take iron from transferrin and put it in the cell

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29
Q

Is TfR increased during anemia of chronic disease?

A

No

30
Q

Anemia’s effects on GI tract causes?

A

Glossitis/achlorhydria

31
Q

B12 deficiency causes the decrease of ___ production?

A

Purine

32
Q

Pernicious anemia causes what CNS disorder?

A

Subacute combined degeneration (demyelination)

33
Q

Pernicious anemia causes what GI disorder?

A

Chronic atrophic gastritis/gastric adenocarcinoma

34
Q

LDH is released from ___?

A

Lysed RBC

35
Q

Features of cyclic neutropenia

A

Life long history of neutrophils count decrease to around 0 for 3-5 days at a time every 3 weeks and then rebound

36
Q

Mutation of ___ causes cyclic neutropenia?

A

ELA2 gene—>code for neutrophil elastase (excessive inhibition)

37
Q

What does neutrophil elastase do?

A

They inhibit neutrophil differentiation when there are enough neutrophils

38
Q

Monocyte decrease or increase when neutrophil drops for cyclic neutropenia?

A

Monocytes increases (opposite of neutrophils)

39
Q

What do you observe when giving G-CSF to cyclic neutropenia pts?

A

Mean neutrophil counts increase/cyclic periods decreases/other cell line change as well

40
Q

Low neutrophil is especially susceptible to ___ infection

A

Intestinal bacterial

41
Q

Quinine and NSAIDS induced thrombocytopenia is caused by?

A

Antibodies target GPIb or 2b/3a on the platelets

42
Q

Penicillin and cephalosporin induced thrombocytopenia is caused by?

A

Drugs act as heptin

43
Q

Heparin induced thrombocytopenia is achieved through two ways

A

Type 1: heparin bind to PF4 onto platelet—>promote platelet aggregation (platelet count normalize later)
Type 2: IgG target heparin-PF4 complex and then bind to Fc or PF4 receptor onto platelet

44
Q

Prothromotic state is achieved with HIT type II through?

A

The binding of IgG-heparin-PF4 onto PF4 receptor on platelet—>activate platelet

45
Q

Thrombin binds to ___ to activate protein C (negative feedback)?

A

thrombomodulin

46
Q

What are type I and type II protein C deficiency?

A

Type I: decrease number

Type II: decrease function

47
Q

What does protein S do for protein C?

A

When V and X together—>cleavage site for V is hidden—>protein S uncover the site and let protein C cleave it (teamwork!)

48
Q

Is antithrombin an enzyme?

A

No

49
Q

Venous clot manifests itself as ?

A

Pain/swelling/redness below the venous clot

50
Q

A skin growth is a ___?

A

Cyst

51
Q

A nodule is ___?

A

solid

52
Q

Psoriasis has excessive keratinocyte ___?

A

proliferation

53
Q

What causes the erythema of the psoriasis rash?

A

Endothelial cell hyperproliferation—>dilation of capillaries

54
Q

What cells is responsible for psoriasis?

A

Th1 and Th17 helper T cells

55
Q

Key words for lichen planus?

A

Violaceous, pruritic polygonal papules/Wickham striae/CD8 T cells—>colloid bodies (died keratinocyte)

56
Q

Quine can cause ___?

A

Lichen planus

57
Q

Key words for erythema multiforme?

A

Red macule with a round necrotic center—>target like pattern/mixture of CD4/8 cells/associated with HSV

58
Q

Toxic epidermal necrolysis resmebles ___?

A

Burn

59
Q

HL associated with EBV is ___?

A

Mixed cellularity

60
Q

Where EBV take in latency?

A

B cell

61
Q

IL ___ stimulates the production of hepcidin?

A

IL-6

62
Q

Which has a better prognosis, bullous pemphigoid or pemphigus vulgaris?

A

Bullous pemphigoid (older ppl)

63
Q

Is bullous pemphigoid pruritic?

A

Yes

64
Q

Clinical presentation of vasculitis?

A

reddish/violaceous papules (palpable purpura)

65
Q

What the most common causes of vasculitis?

A

Strep and staph infection

66
Q

What type of hypersensitivity is vasculitis?

A

Type III and maybe IV as well

67
Q

What causes the violaceous color of papules?

A

Siderophages

68
Q

Clinical presentation of erythema nodosum?

A

inflammation in the fat of subcutis—>tender/painful red nodules on the anterior lower legs

69
Q

Sarcoidosis lesion can be found on __?

A

brown papule on the face

70
Q

CD19/20/21 is ___ marker?

A

B cell

71
Q

What does IL-4/5 do?

A

class switch B cell to make IgE

72
Q

Histiocyte is CD_ +?

A

CD1

MSII Unit II (8 decks)

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