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MSII Unit II > Pathphysio > Flashcards

Pathphysio Flashcards

1
Q

What stimulates the production of platelets?

A

TPO and IL-6

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2
Q

Normal hematocrit

A

4.6-6 for male/4.2-5.4 for female (x10^6/uL)

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3
Q

Normal WBC

A

4000-11000/uL

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4
Q

Normlal Platelets

A

150,000-400,000/uL

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5
Q

Blood smear is stained with?

A

Wright stain

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6
Q

Why is it a left shift when many band cells?

A

Band cells are immature neutrophils

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7
Q

Monocyte has long lifespan, but only stay in circulation for 3 days. Why?

A

They mainly stay in tissues

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8
Q

What is the half life for platelet?

A

Around 10 days

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9
Q

What cause platelet degranulation?

A

thrombin/ADP/collagen

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10
Q

What can induce platelet activation?

A

PAF/thromboxane A2/serotonin/epi

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11
Q

What is the final product of coagulation system?

A

Fibrin

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12
Q

Factor 8 of the coagulation factor is made by?

A

Endothelial cells

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13
Q

Factor 2/7/9/10 are dependent on liver enzyme __ which depend on ___?

A

gammacarboxylase/vitamine K

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14
Q

What is the steps for initiation of secondary hemostasis?

A

Thromboplastin is released at the injured cell—>activate factor 7 and form thromboplastin-factor 7 complex—>activate factor 9/10—>factor 5/10 + Ca + PF3 turn prothrombin to thrombin—>thrombin turn fibrinogen to fibrin

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15
Q

vWF is usually complexed with factor __?

A

Factor 8

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16
Q

What is the steps for amplification of secondary hemostasis?

A

Occur at platelet surface—>thrombin activates factor 5/8/11—>factor 11 activate factor 9

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17
Q

What is the steps for propagation of secondary hemostasis?

A

Factor 8/9 and Ca2+ and phospholipid form tenase—>tenase activate factor 10

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18
Q

Factor __ stabilizes the fibrin complex

A

Factor 8

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19
Q

Prothrombinase activity is sustained by factor __ and __

A

Factor 8/9

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20
Q

Antithrombin activity is enhanced by ___?

A

Heparin

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21
Q

Protein C inactivate factor __ and __?

A

5/8

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22
Q

Smokers have elevated ___?

A

EPO

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23
Q

What is demargination of neutrophil?

A

Corticosteroid cause the release of neutrophil from the marginated pool that is attached to the blood vessel wall

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24
Q

When iron is repleted during iron deficiency anemia, ___ increases as well?

A

Platelet

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25
Iron is absorbed in the ___?
Duodenum
26
Internalization of ferroportin causes?
Decrease iron export to plasma (sequestering iron)
27
Role of heme-regulated translational inhibitor (HRI)?
Heme deficiency (from iron deficiency)---->HRI inhibit Hb synthesis by inhibiting eIF2
28
What does transferrin receptor (TfR) do?
Take iron from transferrin and put it in the cell
29
Is TfR increased during anemia of chronic disease?
No
30
Anemia's effects on GI tract causes?
Glossitis/achlorhydria
31
B12 deficiency causes the decrease of ___ production?
Purine
32
Pernicious anemia causes what CNS disorder?
Subacute combined degeneration (demyelination)
33
Pernicious anemia causes what GI disorder?
Chronic atrophic gastritis/gastric adenocarcinoma
34
LDH is released from ___?
Lysed RBC
35
Features of cyclic neutropenia
Life long history of neutrophils count decrease to around 0 for 3-5 days at a time every 3 weeks and then rebound
36
Mutation of ___ causes cyclic neutropenia?
ELA2 gene--->code for neutrophil elastase (excessive inhibition)
37
What does neutrophil elastase do?
They inhibit neutrophil differentiation when there are enough neutrophils
38
Monocyte decrease or increase when neutrophil drops for cyclic neutropenia?
Monocytes increases (opposite of neutrophils)
39
What do you observe when giving G-CSF to cyclic neutropenia pts?
Mean neutrophil counts increase/cyclic periods decreases/other cell line change as well
40
Low neutrophil is especially susceptible to ___ infection
Intestinal bacterial
41
Quinine and NSAIDS induced thrombocytopenia is caused by?
Antibodies target GPIb or 2b/3a on the platelets
42
Penicillin and cephalosporin induced thrombocytopenia is caused by?
Drugs act as heptin
43
Heparin induced thrombocytopenia is achieved through two ways
Type 1: heparin bind to PF4 onto platelet--->promote platelet aggregation (platelet count normalize later) Type 2: IgG target heparin-PF4 complex and then bind to Fc or PF4 receptor onto platelet
44
Prothromotic state is achieved with HIT type II through?
The binding of IgG-heparin-PF4 onto PF4 receptor on platelet--->activate platelet
45
Thrombin binds to ___ to activate protein C (negative feedback)?
thrombomodulin
46
What are type I and type II protein C deficiency?
Type I: decrease number | Type II: decrease function
47
What does protein S do for protein C?
When V and X together--->cleavage site for V is hidden--->protein S uncover the site and let protein C cleave it (teamwork!)
48
Is antithrombin an enzyme?
No
49
Venous clot manifests itself as ?
Pain/swelling/redness below the venous clot
50
A skin growth is a ___?
Cyst
51
A nodule is ___?
solid
52
Psoriasis has excessive keratinocyte ___?
proliferation
53
What causes the erythema of the psoriasis rash?
Endothelial cell hyperproliferation--->dilation of capillaries
54
What cells is responsible for psoriasis?
Th1 and Th17 helper T cells
55
Key words for lichen planus?
Violaceous, pruritic polygonal papules/Wickham striae/CD8 T cells--->colloid bodies (died keratinocyte)
56
Quine can cause ___?
Lichen planus
57
Key words for erythema multiforme?
Red macule with a round necrotic center--->target like pattern/mixture of CD4/8 cells/associated with HSV
58
Toxic epidermal necrolysis resmebles ___?
Burn
59
HL associated with EBV is ___?
Mixed cellularity
60
Where EBV take in latency?
B cell
61
IL ___ stimulates the production of hepcidin?
IL-6
62
Which has a better prognosis, bullous pemphigoid or pemphigus vulgaris?
Bullous pemphigoid (older ppl)
63
Is bullous pemphigoid pruritic?
Yes
64
Clinical presentation of vasculitis?
reddish/violaceous papules (palpable purpura)
65
What the most common causes of vasculitis?
Strep and staph infection
66
What type of hypersensitivity is vasculitis?
Type III and maybe IV as well
67
What causes the violaceous color of papules?
Siderophages
68
Clinical presentation of erythema nodosum?
inflammation in the fat of subcutis--->tender/painful red nodules on the anterior lower legs
69
Sarcoidosis lesion can be found on __?
brown papule on the face
70
CD19/20/21 is ___ marker?
B cell
71
What does IL-4/5 do?
class switch B cell to make IgE
72
Histiocyte is CD_ +?
CD1

MSII Unit II (8 decks)

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