Pathophysiology of Type 1 Diabetes Flashcards
_______have among the highest incidence and prevalence of T1D in the world with as many as 1:100 affected by T1D by 20 years of age and an incidence of T1D in the general population approaching 40/100,000/year
Finland and Sardinia
T1D is diagnosed throughout childhood with the peak incidence between ______ years of age.
10-12
T1D is a ______ mediated autoimmune disease
T cell
what antigens do islet cell antibodies react to
insulin,
glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65),
tyrosine phosphatase like protein (IA-2),
zinc transporter (ZnT8).
Patients with _____ islet autoantibodies, will progress to T1D with overt hyperglycemia
> 2
The sum of the insulin released in the first and third minute after IV glucose is referred to as the ______
First Phase Insulin Response (FPIR).
what is the first identifiable metabolic abnormality in Type 1 diabetes
decrease in first phase Insulin release (FPIR)
diabetes can be diagnosed on the basis of a single blood glucose greater than _____ in the presence of symptoms of _______.
200 mg/dL,
hyperglycemia
what is the Definition of glucose abnormalities in fasting glucose levels
Normal: <100 mg/dL
Impaired: 100-125 mg/dL
Diabetes: >125 mg/dL
List the normal and abnormal definitions of 2hr OGTT
Normal:<140 mg/dL
Impaired: 140-199 mg/dL
Diabetes: >199 mg/dL
subjects present with the classic signs and symptoms of diabetes when ______ of the beta cell mass has been destroyed.
80-90%
Approximately _____ of patients diagnosed with T1D do not have a relative with T1D
85%
If you have high genetic risk and a FDR with Type 1 diabetes then your chance of getting T1D is _____
1:4 to 1:2
____ is the gene that infers over 50 % of the genetic risk for type 1 diabetes
HLA DR3/4
what evidence supports the hygiene hypothesis
the inverse correlation of a specific viral infection (enterovirus) with the development of diabetes.
Infant diet studies have shown an Increased risk for diabetes is related to ________
1) shorter duration of breastfeeding,
2) earlier introduction of cows’ milk.
3) introduction of cereals (before 4 months, after 7 months).
What infant dietary factors may be protective against T1D
Vitamin D supplementation may be protective for T1D. Omega-3 fatty acids have been associated with a decreased risk for the development of T1D in high risk children.
what is the accelerator hypothesis
obesity results in Beta cell stress exposing Beta cell antigens to the immune system and initiating the autoimmune attack.
