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Cardiovascular > Pathophysiology of Thrombosis and Embolism > Flashcards

Pathophysiology of Thrombosis and Embolism Flashcards

1
Q

What is normal blood flow called?

A

Laminar

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2
Q

What are the two different abnormal types of blood flow called?

A

Stasis

Turbulence

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3
Q

What is stasis blood flow?

A

Stagnation of flow

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4
Q

What is turbulent blood flow?

A

Forceful, unpredictable flow

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5
Q

What causes defects in blood flow?

A 
Thromboembolism 
Atheroma 
Hyperviscosity 
Spasm 
External compression 
Vasculitis 
Vascular steal
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6
Q

What effects Virchow’s Triad?

A

Changes in the blood vessel wall
Changes in the blood constituents
Changes in the pattern of blood flow

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7
Q

How do the factors causing a thrombus relate to Virchow’s triad?

A

Endothelial injury
Hypercoagulability of the blood
Stasis or turbulent blood flow

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8
Q

What do the consequences of thrombosis depend on?

A

Site
Extent
Collateral circulation

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9
Q

What are the different types of embolus?

A 
Systemic/arterial Thromboembolus 
Venous Thromboembolus 
Fat embolus 
Gas embolus 
Tumour 
Septic material 
Amniotic fluid 
Bone Marrow 
Foreign bodies
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10
Q

What is the result of the propagation of thrombosis?

A

Embolism

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11
Q

What is an embolism?

A

Movement of abnormal material in the bloodstream and its impaction in a vessel blocking its lumen

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12
Q

What is a thromboembolism?

A

Dislodged thrombi

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13
Q

What are the causes of a systemic thromboembolism?

A

Mural thrombus
Aortic aneurysm
Atheromatous plaques
Valvular vegetations

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14
Q

What is a mural thrombus?

A

A thrombus on the endocardial lining of the heart chambers or on the wall of a la
age blood vessel without occlusion

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15
Q

What conditions is a mural thrombus associated with?

A

MI
Left atrial dilatation
Atrial fibrillation

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16
Q

What is valvular vegetation?

A

Abnormal growth in the valves of the heart

17
Q

What is the most common form of thromboembolic disease?

A

Venous thrombombolus

18
Q

Where does a venous thromboembolus originate from?

A

Deep venous thromboses in the legs

19
Q

Where does a venous thromboembolus travel to?

A

The pulmonary circulation

20
Q

What can multiple pulmonary emboli cause over time?

A

Pulmonary hypertension

Right ventricular failure

21
Q

What are the consequences of a pulmonary embolism?

A

Pulmonary haemorrhage
Pulmonary infarction
Right heart failure
Sudden death

22
Q

What are the risk factors for DVT and Pulmonary thromboembolism?

A 
Cardiac failure 
Severe trauma 
Severe burns
Post-op/post-partum
Oral contraceptive 
Old age 
Immobilisation 
Obesity 
Past history of DVT
23
Q

What is the prophylaxis for surgical patients at risk of DVT or PE?

A

Thromboembolic disease support

S/C heparin

24
Q

When does a fat embolus occur?

A

After a major fracture

25
Q

What does a fat embolus effect?

A

Brain
Kidneys
Skin

26
Q

What are arterial gas emboli also called?

A

Decompression sickness

27
Q

What can cause air emboli?

A

Head and neck wounds
Surgery
Central venous lines

28
Q

How are atheroma and thrombosis related?

A

Thrombosis is usually superimposed on an atheroma, specifically arterial thrombosis

29
Q

What is thrombosis?

A

Formation of a solid mass from the constituents of blood within the vascular system during life

30
Q

Give an example of a change in vessel walls that causes thrombosis?

A

Atheromatous coronary artery

31
Q

What change in the blood constituents can cause thrombosis?

A

Hypercholesterolaemia
Hypercoagulability
Hyperviscosity

32
Q

What is economy class syndrome?

A

Periods of prolonged immobility on long-haul flights that cause stasis of blood so can causes thrombosis

33
Q

How does turbulence and stasis cause thrombosis?

A

They distrust laminar flow and bring platelets into contact with the endothelium

34
Q

What are the possible outcomes of thrombosis?

A

Resolution
Organisation/recanalisation
Death

Cardiovascular (34 decks)

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