pathophysiology-- intro to patho Flashcards
definition of pathophysiology
study of abnormalities in physical function of living beings, the physiology of altered health, structural and functional changes in cells, tissues, and organs of the body that cause or are caused by disease.
framework for the study of pathophysiology components
etiology with classifications, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and treatment indications
etiology with classifications
proposed cause or reason for a disease/phenomenon
pathogenesis
proposed mechanism by which disease leads to clinical manifestations (before symptoms)
clinical manifestations
describes signs and symptoms
signs
objective, seen by HCP
symptoms
subjective, described by patient
treatment indications
implied through understanding of all other components, tell us how to treat the disease
latent period of disease
a. incubation period– time between exposure and first appearance of signs/symptoms
b. period of remission
prodromal period of disease
first signs and symptoms of disease, usually vague symptoms
subclinical period of disease
person has disease, and may have signs or symptoms, but functions normally
convalescence
stage of recovery post-disease
acute clinical course
short lived (less than 6 months)
chronic clinical course
may last months to years
exacerbation
severity of patient’s signs or symptoms increases, or patient was in remission without signs and symptoms and they reappear
remission
decrease in severity of signs or symptoms, or signs and symptoms disappear
statistical normality
estimate of diseases in a normal population (bell curve)
sensitivity
the probability that a test will be POSITIVE when applied to a person WITH a particular condition
specificity
the probability that a test will be NEGATIVE when applied to a person WITHOUT a particular condition
reliability
test’s ability to give same results in repeated measurements
validity
degree to which a measurement reflects the true value of what it intends to measure
predictive value
extent to which a test can differentiate between presence or absence of a person’s condition
endemic
native to a local region
epidemic
spreads to many individuals at the same time
pandemic
worldwide epidemic
incidence
of new cases occuring in a specific time period
prevalence
of existing cases within a population during a specific period of time
factors affecting patterns of disease
age, ethnic group, gender, socioeconomic factors, lifestyle factors, geographic locations
primary prevention
prevention of disease by altering susceptibility– reduce exposure (exz. vax, handwashing)
secondary prevention
early detection, screening, and management of disease (ex. mammogram)
tertiary prevention
one already has the disease and focus is on treatment, rehabilitation, supportive care, and reducing disability
Homeostasis
state of equilibrium maintained by process of feedback and regulation
Allostasis
ability to successfully adapt (after stressor or problem) and maintain or reestablish homeostasis
negative feedback
causes the controller to respond in a manner that opposes that deviation from normal
positive feedback
an increase in function in response to a stimulus
General Adaptation Syndrome (ARE)
alarm, resistance, exhaustion
alarm
SNS arousal of body defenses
resistance
adaptation
exhaustion
unable to return to homeostasis
stress as a concept
- hypothalamus senses a stressful stimulus in the internal or external environment
- hypothalamus secretes corticotropin hormone
- this hormone goes to
-sympathetic nervous system and adrenal medulla which secrete catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine)
- anterior pituitary which secretes adrenocorticotropic hormone, which goes to the adrenal cortex where glucocorticoids are released (cortisol and aldosterone)
stress risk factors
lifestyle, age, gender
neurohormonal mediators of stress and adaptation
norepinephrine, epinephrine, cortisol, aldosterone, endorphins, enkephalins, immune cytokines, sex hormones, oxycotin
catecholamines
epinephrine and norepinephrine
norepinephrine effects on body
constricts blood vessels, raises BP, reduces gastric secretions, increases night and far vision
epinephrine effects on body
enhanced myocardial contractility, increases HR and CO, causes bronchidilation, increases glycogenolysis and elevates blood glucose levels
endorphins and enkephalins
body’s natural pain relievers, released in the body during a stressful event with great pain
adrenocortical sterioids
come from adrenal cortex, cortisol and aldosterone
cortisol
activated by ACTH, stimulates glucogenesis, promotes catabolism of protein, promotes appetite, anti-inflammatory effect, immunosuppressive
aldosterone
mineralcorticoid, promotes reabsorption of sodium and water, increases blood pressure
immune cytokines
mediators of immune response
sex hormones
testosterone, oxygen– gender responses when we have a stressor
oxytocin
produced during childbirth, lactation, produces calm and relaxing effect
adaptation
biopsychosocial process of change in response to new or altered circumstances, internal or external in origin
coping
behavioral adaptive response to a stressor using culturally based coping mechanisms
distress
perceived inability to cope with a stressor
illness
both physiological and psychological, is a stimulus for the stress response
physical indicators of stress levels
increased BP and respirations, tachycardia, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, diharrea, change in weight/appetite
behavioral indicators of stress levels
anxiety and depression, alcohol abuse, change in activity patterns, exhaustion, loss of motivation, inability to concentrate
