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Pathophysiology > pathophysiology-- intro to patho > Flashcards

pathophysiology-- intro to patho Flashcards

1
Q

definition of pathophysiology

A

study of abnormalities in physical function of living beings, the physiology of altered health, structural and functional changes in cells, tissues, and organs of the body that cause or are caused by disease.

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2
Q

framework for the study of pathophysiology components

A

etiology with classifications, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and treatment indications

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3
Q

etiology with classifications

A

proposed cause or reason for a disease/phenomenon

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4
Q

pathogenesis

A

proposed mechanism by which disease leads to clinical manifestations (before symptoms)

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5
Q

clinical manifestations

A

describes signs and symptoms

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6
Q

signs

A

objective, seen by HCP

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7
Q

symptoms

A

subjective, described by patient

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8
Q

treatment indications

A

implied through understanding of all other components, tell us how to treat the disease

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9
Q

latent period of disease

A

a. incubation period– time between exposure and first appearance of signs/symptoms
b. period of remission

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10
Q

prodromal period of disease

A

first signs and symptoms of disease, usually vague symptoms

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11
Q

subclinical period of disease

A

person has disease, and may have signs or symptoms, but functions normally

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12
Q

convalescence

A

stage of recovery post-disease

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13
Q

acute clinical course

A

short lived (less than 6 months)

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14
Q

chronic clinical course

A

may last months to years

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15
Q

exacerbation

A

severity of patient’s signs or symptoms increases, or patient was in remission without signs and symptoms and they reappear

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16
Q

remission

A

decrease in severity of signs or symptoms, or signs and symptoms disappear

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17
Q

statistical normality

A

estimate of diseases in a normal population (bell curve)

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17
Q

sensitivity

A

the probability that a test will be POSITIVE when applied to a person WITH a particular condition

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18
Q

specificity

A

the probability that a test will be NEGATIVE when applied to a person WITHOUT a particular condition

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19
Q

reliability

A

test’s ability to give same results in repeated measurements

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20
Q

validity

A

degree to which a measurement reflects the true value of what it intends to measure

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21
Q

predictive value

A

extent to which a test can differentiate between presence or absence of a person’s condition

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22
Q

endemic

A

native to a local region

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23
Q

epidemic

A

spreads to many individuals at the same time

24
Q

pandemic

A

worldwide epidemic

25
Q

incidence

A

of new cases occuring in a specific time period

26
Q

prevalence

A

of existing cases within a population during a specific period of time

27
Q

factors affecting patterns of disease

A

age, ethnic group, gender, socioeconomic factors, lifestyle factors, geographic locations

28
Q

primary prevention

A

prevention of disease by altering susceptibility– reduce exposure (exz. vax, handwashing)

29
Q

secondary prevention

A

early detection, screening, and management of disease (ex. mammogram)

30
Q

tertiary prevention

A

one already has the disease and focus is on treatment, rehabilitation, supportive care, and reducing disability

31
Q

Homeostasis

A

state of equilibrium maintained by process of feedback and regulation

32
Q

Allostasis

A

ability to successfully adapt (after stressor or problem) and maintain or reestablish homeostasis

33
Q

negative feedback

A

causes the controller to respond in a manner that opposes that deviation from normal

34
Q

positive feedback

A

an increase in function in response to a stimulus

35
Q

General Adaptation Syndrome (ARE)

A

alarm, resistance, exhaustion

35
Q

alarm

A

SNS arousal of body defenses

36
Q

resistance

A

adaptation

37
Q

exhaustion

A

unable to return to homeostasis

38
Q

stress as a concept

A
  1. hypothalamus senses a stressful stimulus in the internal or external environment
  2. hypothalamus secretes corticotropin hormone
  3. this hormone goes to
    -sympathetic nervous system and adrenal medulla which secrete catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine)
    - anterior pituitary which secretes adrenocorticotropic hormone, which goes to the adrenal cortex where glucocorticoids are released (cortisol and aldosterone)
39
Q

stress risk factors

A

lifestyle, age, gender

40
Q

neurohormonal mediators of stress and adaptation

A

norepinephrine, epinephrine, cortisol, aldosterone, endorphins, enkephalins, immune cytokines, sex hormones, oxycotin

40
Q

catecholamines

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

41
Q

norepinephrine effects on body

A

constricts blood vessels, raises BP, reduces gastric secretions, increases night and far vision

42
Q

epinephrine effects on body

A

enhanced myocardial contractility, increases HR and CO, causes bronchidilation, increases glycogenolysis and elevates blood glucose levels

43
Q

endorphins and enkephalins

A

body’s natural pain relievers, released in the body during a stressful event with great pain

44
Q

adrenocortical sterioids

A

come from adrenal cortex, cortisol and aldosterone

45
Q

cortisol

A

activated by ACTH, stimulates glucogenesis, promotes catabolism of protein, promotes appetite, anti-inflammatory effect, immunosuppressive

46
Q

aldosterone

A

mineralcorticoid, promotes reabsorption of sodium and water, increases blood pressure

47
Q

immune cytokines

A

mediators of immune response

48
Q

sex hormones

A

testosterone, oxygen– gender responses when we have a stressor

49
Q

oxytocin

A

produced during childbirth, lactation, produces calm and relaxing effect

50
Q

adaptation

A

biopsychosocial process of change in response to new or altered circumstances, internal or external in origin

51
Q

coping

A

behavioral adaptive response to a stressor using culturally based coping mechanisms

52
Q

distress

A

perceived inability to cope with a stressor

53
Q

illness

A

both physiological and psychological, is a stimulus for the stress response

54
Q

physical indicators of stress levels

A

increased BP and respirations, tachycardia, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, diharrea, change in weight/appetite

55
Q

behavioral indicators of stress levels

A

anxiety and depression, alcohol abuse, change in activity patterns, exhaustion, loss of motivation, inability to concentrate

Pathophysiology (6 decks)

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