Pathophysiology-- Cell Injury and Death

Question 1

atrophy

Answer 1

decrease in size of cell and reduced function in response to injury or norms, reduces O2 consumption

Question 2

hypertrophy

Answer 2

increase in cell size and mass and functional components of cell, results from increased workload

Question 3

hyperplasia

Answer 3

increase in number of cells, increase in functional capacity,

Question 4

metaplasia

Answer 4

conversion of one adult cell type to another adult cell type

Question 5

what does hyperplasia result from?

Answer 5

increased physiologic demand, hormonal stimulation, persistent cell injury, high altitude

Question 6

what does metaplasia result from?

Answer 6

occurs in response to chronic irritation or inflammation or persistent injury

Question 7

dysplasia

Answer 7

disorganized appearance of cells due to abnormal changes in size, shape, and organization of mature cells

Question 8

necrosis

Answer 8

cell death (a cell is unable to adapt)

Question 9

gangrene

Answer 9

large area of cell death

Question 10

apoptosis

Answer 10

programmed and safe cell death, does NOT cause inflammation

Question 11

what often causes necrosis?

Answer 11

usually ischemia or toxic injury

Question 12

what are the steps of necrosis?

Answer 12

generalized inflammatory response, degradation of plasma membrane of cell, injury is too severe or prolonged to allow adaptation

Question 13

hypoxia

Answer 13

interrupts generation of ATP, leakage of enzymes, combination of disruption of oxygen supply with accumulation of metabolic waste

Question 14

nutritional

Answer 14

adequate nutrition necessary for normal cell functioning

Question 15

chemical

Answer 15

toxic poisons or chemicals cause cellular injury

Question 16

infectious or immunologic

Answer 16

bacteria, viruses

Question 17

physical/mechanical

Answer 17

temperature, electrical, radiation, atmospheric, radiation

Question 18

aging

Answer 18

thought to be result of accumulated DNA damage from progressive decline in reparative capacity of cells and exposure to environmental factors

Question 19

inflammatory phase– primary intention wound healing

Answer 19

reaction

Question 20

proliferative phase– primary intention wound healing

Answer 20

regeneration

Question 21

maturation phase– primary intention wound healing

Answer 21

remodeling

Question 22

secondary intention wound healing steps

Answer 22

chronic inflammation, granulation tissue, wound contraction

Question 23

tertiary intention wound healing steps

Answer 23

delayed wound closure, then primary closure

Question 24

wound healing complications

Answer 24

hemorrhage, infection, wound separation, fistula formation

Question 25

wound separation steps

Answer 25

dehiscence (partial or total separation of wound edges), evisceration (protrusion of internal organs through an incision)