Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathophysiology > cancer notes-- patho > Flashcards

cancer notes-- patho Flashcards

1
Q

malignant growth

A

cancer cells invades adjacent tissues and travels in lymphatic system and bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

benign growth

A

do not invade other tissues, more closely resemble cell of origin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

etiology of cancer: genetic basis

A

cancer is a disease caused by a small number of mutations in a single cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

minimum number of mutations is ___ for cancer

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

carcinomas

A

tumors of epithelial origin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

sarcomas

A

malignant cancers of bones, nerves, muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

leukemias

A

malignant growths of WBC’s, only in blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

lymphomas

A

cancer of WBC’s and lymph tissue, usually start in lymph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

adenocarcinomas

A

cancers of ductal or glandular tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

tumor suppressor genes

A

inhibit tumor formation and cell proliferation, usually function to switch off cell division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

there are ___ genes in each pair of tumor suppressor genes

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

one gene in each pair of tumor suppressor genes can be absent or damaged, loss of the second gene leads to ________ division.

A

uncontrollable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

BRCA 1

A

chromosome 17; tumor suppressor gene that is autosomal dominant inheritance , 85% of women with mutation will develop breast cancer, also increased risk for ovarian cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

BRCA 2

A

chromosome 13, accounts for 10-15% of all breast cancer cases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

proto-oncogenes

A

normally act to turn on or maintain cell division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

oncogenes

A

tumor causing genes that increase rate of cell proliferation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how do oncogenes increase the rate of cell proliferation?

A

they become permanently active or overproduce their products with mutations and disrupt intracellular communication pathways that regulate cell proliferation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

oncogene activation

A

virus or retirovirus, has a mutagenic effect= changes structure and function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

cellular effects of oncogene

A

promote cell proliferation, growth factor, second messengers, abnormal gene transcription begins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

caretaker genes

A

genes responsible for dna repair, mutation does not directly lead to tumor formation, increases mutation rate of all genes, does not lead directly to formation of cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

pathogenesis of cancer

A

initiation– genetic mutation, carcinogen applied to cell. If no repair before cell division= cells are damaged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

promotion

A

mutant cell induced to proliferate, reversible proliferation of altered initiated cells, promoting factors in proliferation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

progression

A

cells acquire properties that allow mallignant behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

progression properties

A

-increased growth rate and invasiveness of tumor
-tumors produce own growth factor
-lack contact inhibition
-able to metastasize

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

metastasis

A

ability to spread to distant parts of the body, spread through blood or lymph pathways. Seeding is needed to kill all cells. Characteristics of primary site are retained

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

grading of cancer

A

microscopic anatomy (what cell looks like), number system is used

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

staging

A

location and pattern of spread

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

TNM classification

A

T describes the size of the tumor and any spread of cancer into nearby tissue; N describes spread of cancer to nearby lymph nodes; and M describes metastasis (spread of cancer to other parts of the body).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

anatomical site classification–skin and glands

A

carcinomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

anatomical site classification– connective tissue, muscle, bone, fat

A

sarcomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

warning signs of effect of cancer on host

A

change in bowel or bladder habits, a sore throat that does not heal, unusual bleeding or discharge from any body orifice, thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere, indigestion or difficulty swallowing, obvious change in a wart or mole, nagging cough or hoarseness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

late signs of effect of cancer on host

A

pain, weight loss and weakness, bone marrow suppression (anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia), loss of function of involved organ, obstruction, deficits in immune system competence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

tumor markers are

A

produced by cancer cells, presence may indicate possibility of cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Carcinoembryonic antigen

A

CEA, colorectal or breast cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

alpha-fetoprotein

A

testicular, liver cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

human chorionic gonadotropin

A

HCG, testicular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

prostatic specific antigen

A

PSA, prostate cancer

37
Q

CA125

A

ovarian cancer

38
Q

other tests used to diagnose cancer

A

X-ray, CT, ultrasound, MRI, PET, nuclear medicine studies, endoscopic exams

39
Q

biopsy

A

definitive diagnosis test for cancer, only way to truly diagnose

40
Q

surgery treatment for cancer

A

used to remove solid tumors

41
Q

radiation treatment for cancer

A

kills cells that are not resectable due to location or that have escaped after surgery

42
Q

immunotherapy treatment for cancer

A

boost immune system’s ability to locate and destroy cancer cells

43
Q

gene and molecular therapy

A

enhance tumor suppressor genes

44
Q

risk factors for cancer

A

smoking, sunlight, alcohol, smokeless tobacco, estrogen, radiation, occupational hazards, high fat diet, obesity

45
Q

common neoplastic disorders of bone marrow and lymphoid tissues

A

Lymphoma, plasma cell myeloma, leukemia

46
Q

where is lymphoma located?

A

lymph nodes

47
Q

where is plasma cell myeloma located, what is it?

A

malignant transformation of B-cell plasma cells, likes to form tumors on bony structures

48
Q

where is leukemia located?

A

blood and bone marrow

49
Q

Myeloid Neoplasms properties

A

myoproliferative (bone marrow makes too many RBC’s)

50
Q

Myeloid Neoplasms Cancers

A

Chronic Myeloid Leukemia, Acute Myeloid Leukemia, Polycythemia Vera, Essential Thrombocytopenia

51
Q

Lymphoid Neoplasm properties

A

B cell neoplasm

52
Q

Lymphoid Neoplasm Cancers

A

Chronic Lymphoid Leukemia, Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, Plasma Cell Myeloma, Hodgkin’s Disease

53
Q

Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma properties

A

lymphomas of B cell, T cell and NK cell origin. Includes a large and diverse group of mallignancies

54
Q

etiology of hematologic (myeloid and lymphoid) neoplasms

A

Exact cause of hematologic neoplasms is unknown.
Basic mechanisms involve cell mutation that disrupts growth control
& differentiation pathways.

55
Q

Malignant Disorders of WBC’s typical signs and symptoms

A

Malaise, weakness, Unexplained fever, night sweats, Recurrent infections, Lymphadenopathy with lymphoma & some leukemias, Very high total WBC count or the presence of abnormal cell
types

56
Q

leukopenia common clinical manifestations

A

lymphadenopathy, joint swelling and pain, weight loss, anorexia, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly

57
Q

anemia common clinical manifestations

A

pallor, fatigue, malaise, shortness of breath, decreased activity tolerance

58
Q

thrombocytopenia common clinical manifestations

A

platelet count below 20,000 cells/microliter, petechiae, easy bruising, bleeding gums, occult hematuria, retinal hemorrhages

59
Q

neutropenia common clinical manifestations

A

absolute neutrophil count less than 500 cells per microliter, evaluation of peripheral blood sample is a key aspect of diagnosis. Definitive diagnosis is made after bone marrow aspiration or lymph node biopsy

60
Q

Prevention and management of mallignant WBC disorders

A

bone marrow transplantation, peripheral stem cell transplantation, autologous transplantation, allogenic transplantation, graft vs. leukemia

61
Q

bone marrow transplantation

A

transplantation of multipotent hematopoietic stem cells, usually derived from bone marrow, peripheral blood, or umbilical cord blood in order to replicate inside of a patient

62
Q

peripheral stem cell transplantation

A

allows stem cells to be harvested from circulating bloodstream

63
Q

autologous transplantation

A

stem cells from patient’s own blood to be reinfused

64
Q

allogenic transplantation

A

stem cells from closely matched relative

65
Q

graft v. leukemia

A

transplanted cells in allograft that detect & kill
leukemic cells.

66
Q

myeloid neoplasms result from..

A

proliferation of an abnormal cell in bone marrow and overproduction of more than 1 cell type, offspring of abnormal cells build up and are released into bloodstream. Results in myoproliferative disease

67
Q

chronic myeloid leukemia

A

myeloid neoplasm– malignant granulocytes carrying Philadelphia chromosome

68
Q

cml clinical presentation

A

high granulocyte count on CBC, splenomegaly

69
Q

cml symptoms

A

fatigue, weight loss, sweats, bleeding, abdominal discomfort (enlarged spleen)

70
Q

cml prognosis and treatment

A

does not respond well to chemo; poor overall survival time. untreated= median survival is 2 years, blast stage cml prognosis= 4 months

71
Q

Acute Myeloid Leukemia

A

associated with transformation of myeloid stem cell, bone marrow aspirate must have greater than 20% blasts.

72
Q

AML symptoms

A

bone pain, anemia, thrombocytopenia, increased infection succeptibility

73
Q

AML common infection sites

A

skin, GI, GU, respiratory

74
Q

AML prognosis

A

less than 50% and less than 30% of adults survive long term

75
Q

chronic lymphoid leukemia symptoms

A

fatigue, weight loss, anorexia, increased susceptibility to infections

76
Q

cll progression of cells

A

Malignant lymphocytes invade lymph tissues & bone marrow; disrupt
function and cause enlarged, painless lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy) Enlarged spleen

77
Q

cll prognosis and treatment

A

Certain genetic mutations present better/worse diagnosis.
Chemotherapy used to induce remission.
Stem cell transplantation to prolong remission.

78
Q

acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma

A

Malignant transformation of lymphoblasts, 80% B-cells; 20%-T
cells
Lymphoblastic neoplasms: leukemia
lymphoblastic lymphomas: same disease at a different stage

79
Q

acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma symptom onset

A

abrupt; bone pain, bruising, fever, infection, loss of appetite, fatigue, abdominal pain, enlarged spleen, enlarged liver, enlarged lymph nodes

80
Q

Plasma Cell Myeloma (multiple myeloma)

A

malignancy of mature, antibody-secreting b lymphocytes

81
Q

plasma cell myeloma progression of cells

A

Malignant plasma cells invade bone & form multiple tumor sites;
Bone destruction releases Ca+ into bloodstream (hypercalcemia).
Pathologic fractures common.Excessive identical monoclonal antibodies made up of Bence Jones
Proteins, accumulate in blood and urine.

82
Q

diagnosis of plasma cell myeloma is based on:

A

Presence of Bence Jones protein
Hypercalcemia
Evidence of bone lesions. Bone marrow biopsy confirms diagnosis.

83
Q

Hodgkin Disease

A

Malignant disorder of the lymph nodes

84
Q

Hodgkin Disease cell progression

A

Malignant transformation of B cells in lymph nodes called Reed-
Sternberg cells
Grow/spread predictable, usually metastasizes along lymphatic
pathways. Sets HD apart from other lymphomas

85
Q

Hodgkin Disease (Hodgkin’s Lymphoma) clinical manifestations

A

Early stages: often asymptomatic
Painless lymphadenopathy; possibly with fever, night sweats,
pruritus, weight loss, malaise.
Lymph node enlargement above diaphragm, cervical nodes most
common site.

86
Q

hodgkin’s disease prognosis and treatment

A

Localized tumors: radiation therapy (most common)
Disseminated disease: chemotherapy

87
Q

Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphomqa (B cell, T cell and NK cell lymphoma)

A

DO NOT HAVE REED STERNBERG CELLS, majority arise in lymph nodes, tumor cells derived from one single mutant precursor cell

88
Q

non-hodgkins lymphoma symptoms

A

Painless lymphadenopathy, fever, night sweats, weight loss,
malaise, pruritus

89
Q

combination therapy type of treatment

A

primary

90
Q

stem cell transplant type of treatment

A

primary

Pathophysiology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions