Pathophysiology

Question 1

2 Things all cells require

Answer 1

Oxygen and Glucose

Question 2

Tissues

Answer 2

A group of cells that have a similar function

Question 3

Organs

Answer 3

A group of tissues that have a similar function

Question 4

Organ System

Answer 4

A group of organs that have a similar function

Question 5

7 Major Functions of Cells

Answer 5

Movement, conductivity, Metabolic Absorption, Secretion, Excretion, Respiration and Reproduction.

Question 6

Cell Membrane

Answer 6

Outer covering that encircles and protects the cell.

Question 7

Cytoplasm

Answer 7

Thick, viscous fluid that fills and gives shape to the cell.

Question 8

Organelles

Answer 8

Structures that perform specific functions within a cell.

Question 9

Name 6 Organelles

Answer 9

Golgi Apartus
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
Lysosomes
Nucleus 
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Peroxisomes

Question 10

Epithelial Tissue

Answer 10

Lines internal and external body surfaces and protects the body. Ex. Skin, mucous membranes and lining of the intestinal tract

Question 11

Muscle Tissue

Answer 11

Smooth, skeletal or cardiac. Most muscle tissue requires an outside impulse to initiate depolarization or muscle contraction.

Question 12

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

Answer 12

Does not require an outside impulse to work.

Question 13

Smooth Muscle

Answer 13

Found in the intestines and encircling blood vessels.

Question 14

Skeletal Muscle

Answer 14

Most abundant and is under voluntary control.

Question 15

Connective Tissue

Answer 15

Provides support, connection and insulation. Ex. bone, cartilage, fat and blood

Question 16

Nerve Tissue

Answer 16

Tissue that transmits electrical impulses throughout the body. Ex. Spinal cord, brain and peripheral nerves.

Question 17

Organ Systems

Answer 17

Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Endocrine, Lymphatic, Reproductive, Gastrointestinal, Genitourinary, Integumentary, Nervous, Muscular and Skeletal

Question 18

Pathophysiology

Answer 18

The study of how diseases alter the normal physiological processes of the human body.

Question 19

Cellular Adaptation

Answer 19

Adaptation to external stressors results in alteration of structure and function.

Question 20

Types of Cellular Adaptation

Answer 20

Atrophy, Hypertrophy, Metaplasia, Hyperplasia and Dysplasia

Question 21

Atrophy

Answer 21

Decreased cell size due to decreased workload

Question 22

Hypertophy

Answer 22

Increased cell size due to increased workload

Question 23

Metaplasia

Answer 23

Replacement of one type of cell by another type of cell that is not normal for that tissue.

Question 24

Hyperplasia

Answer 24

An increase in the number of cells resulting from an increased workload

Question 25

Dysplasia

Answer 25

A change in cell size, shape or appearance caused by an external stressor.

Question 26

Types of Cellular Injury

Answer 26

Hypoxic, Chemical, Infectious, Immunological/Inflammatory, Physical agents, nutritional balances an Genetic factors.

Question 27

Apoptosis

Answer 27

Cellular Death

Question 28

Gangrenous Necrosis

Answer 28

Cellular death over a wide area.

Question 29

Homeostasis

Answer 29

The body's natural tendency to keep an internal environment and metabolism steady and normal.

Question 30

Metabolism

Answer 30

The building up and breaking down of biochemical substances to produce energy.

Question 31

Aerobic Metabolism

Answer 31

Uses 26 ATP

Question 32

Anaerobic Metabolism

Answer 32

Uses 3 ATP and lactic acid

Question 33

Contributing factors to Disease

Answer 33

Age, lifestyle, genetics, environment and gender.

Question 34

Immunologic Disorders

Answer 34

Allergies, asthma and rheumatic fever.

Question 35

Cancer's that are familial

Answer 35

Breast, colorectal and lung.

Question 36

Endocrine Disorders

Answer 36

Diabetes, kidney failure and blindness.

Question 37

Hematologic Disorders

Answer 37

Hemophilia and hematochromatosis.

Question 38

Cardiovascular Disorders

Answer 38

Long QT syndrome, cardiac myopathies, Mitral valve prolapse, hypertension, strokes and coronary heart disease,

Question 39

Renal Disorders

Answer 39

Gout and Kidney stones

Question 40

Gastrointesinal Disorders

Answer 40

Lactose intolerance, Crohn's disease, gallstones and obesity

Question 41

Nueromuscular Disorders

Answer 41

Huntingdon disease, Alzheimers and Muscular Dystrophy.

Question 42

Intracellular Fluid

Answer 42

75% of the body's fluid

Question 43

Extracellular Fluid

Answer 43

Interstitial and Intravascular

Question 44

Dehydration

Answer 44

Abnormal decrease in total body water. Can be caused by sweating or plasma loss.

Question 45

Overhydration

Answer 45

Increase in total body water.

Question 46

Edema

Answer 46

A sign of over hydration

Question 47

Electrolytes

Answer 47

Substances that separate into electrically charged particles called ions.

Question 48

Cations

Answer 48

Ions with a positive charge

Question 49

Anions

Answer 49

Ions with a negative charge

Question 50

Examples of Cations

Answer 50

Sodium, Potassium, and Calcium

Question 51

Examples of Anions

Answer 51

Chloride, Bicarbonate and Phosphate

Question 52

Isotonic Solutions

Answer 52

Solutions on opposite sides of a membrane are equal in concentration

Question 53

Hypertonic Solutions

Answer 53

The concentration of a given solute is greater on one side of a membrane than the other

Question 54

Hypotonic Solutions

Answer 54

The concentration of a given solute is less on one side of a membrane than the other.

Question 55

Osmosis

Answer 55

The movement of water from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lesser water concentration

Question 56

Active Transport

Answer 56

The movement of a substance across the cell membrane against the osmotic gradient. Requires ATP.

Question 57

Facilitated Transport

Answer 57

Certain molecules can move across the cell membrane with the assistance of helper proteins.

Question 58

Osmotic pressure

Answer 58

pressure exerted by the concentration of solutes on one side of a semipermeable membrane

Question 59

Oncotic pressure

Answer 59

Osmotic pressure exerted by large protein particles.

Question 60

Mechanisms that cause edema

Answer 60

decrease in plasma oncotic force increase in hydrostatic pressure increase capillary permeability lymphatic channel obstruction

Question 61

Hypernatremic Dehydration

Answer 61

Loss of H2O. Can be caused by misuse of diuretics, excessive sodium intake, profuse diarrhea, inhalation or ingestion of salt water.

Question 62

Hyponatremic Dehydration

Answer 62

Loss of sodium in excess of water. Can be caused by Excessive perspiration, increased water intake, inhalation or ingestion of fresh water.

Question 63

Electrolyte imbalances associated with Potassium

Answer 63

Hypokalemia and Hyperkalemia

Question 64

Electrolyte imbalances associated with Sodium

Answer 64

Hyponatremia and Hypernatremia

Question 65

Electrolyte imbalances associated with Calcium

Answer 65

Hypocalcemia and Hypercalcemia

Question 66

Electrolyte imbalances associated with Magnesium

Answer 66

Hypermagnesemia ad Hypomagnesemia