Pathophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

2 Things all cells require

A

Oxygen and Glucose

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2
Q

Tissues

A

A group of cells that have a similar function

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3
Q

Organs

A

A group of tissues that have a similar function

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4
Q

Organ System

A

A group of organs that have a similar function

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5
Q

7 Major Functions of Cells

A

Movement, conductivity, Metabolic Absorption, Secretion, Excretion, Respiration and Reproduction.

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6
Q

Cell Membrane

A

Outer covering that encircles and protects the cell.

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7
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Thick, viscous fluid that fills and gives shape to the cell.

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8
Q

Organelles

A

Structures that perform specific functions within a cell.

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9
Q

Name 6 Organelles

A
Golgi Apartus
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
Lysosomes
Nucleus 
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Peroxisomes
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10
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

Lines internal and external body surfaces and protects the body. Ex. Skin, mucous membranes and lining of the intestinal tract

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11
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

Smooth, skeletal or cardiac. Most muscle tissue requires an outside impulse to initiate depolarization or muscle contraction.

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12
Q

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

A

Does not require an outside impulse to work.

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13
Q

Smooth Muscle

A

Found in the intestines and encircling blood vessels.

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14
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A

Most abundant and is under voluntary control.

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15
Q

Connective Tissue

A

Provides support, connection and insulation. Ex. bone, cartilage, fat and blood

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16
Q

Nerve Tissue

A

Tissue that transmits electrical impulses throughout the body. Ex. Spinal cord, brain and peripheral nerves.

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17
Q

Organ Systems

A

Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Endocrine, Lymphatic, Reproductive, Gastrointestinal, Genitourinary, Integumentary, Nervous, Muscular and Skeletal

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18
Q

Pathophysiology

A

The study of how diseases alter the normal physiological processes of the human body.

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19
Q

Cellular Adaptation

A

Adaptation to external stressors results in alteration of structure and function.

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20
Q

Types of Cellular Adaptation

A

Atrophy, Hypertrophy, Metaplasia, Hyperplasia and Dysplasia

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21
Q

Atrophy

A

Decreased cell size due to decreased workload

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22
Q

Hypertophy

A

Increased cell size due to increased workload

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23
Q

Metaplasia

A

Replacement of one type of cell by another type of cell that is not normal for that tissue.

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24
Q

Hyperplasia

A

An increase in the number of cells resulting from an increased workload

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25
Dysplasia
A change in cell size, shape or appearance caused by an external stressor.
26
Types of Cellular Injury
Hypoxic, Chemical, Infectious, Immunological/Inflammatory, Physical agents, nutritional balances an Genetic factors.
27
Apoptosis
Cellular Death
28
Gangrenous Necrosis
Cellular death over a wide area.
29
Homeostasis
The body's natural tendency to keep an internal environment and metabolism steady and normal.
30
Metabolism
The building up and breaking down of biochemical substances to produce energy.
31
Aerobic Metabolism
Uses 26 ATP
32
Anaerobic Metabolism
Uses 3 ATP and lactic acid
33
Contributing factors to Disease
Age, lifestyle, genetics, environment and gender.
34
Immunologic Disorders
Allergies, asthma and rheumatic fever.
35
Cancer's that are familial
Breast, colorectal and lung.
36
Endocrine Disorders
Diabetes, kidney failure and blindness.
37
Hematologic Disorders
Hemophilia and hematochromatosis.
38
Cardiovascular Disorders
Long QT syndrome, cardiac myopathies, Mitral valve prolapse, hypertension, strokes and coronary heart disease,
39
Renal Disorders
Gout and Kidney stones
40
Gastrointesinal Disorders
Lactose intolerance, Crohn's disease, gallstones and obesity
41
Nueromuscular Disorders
Huntingdon disease, Alzheimers and Muscular Dystrophy.
42
Intracellular Fluid
75% of the body's fluid
43
Extracellular Fluid
Interstitial and Intravascular
44
Dehydration
Abnormal decrease in total body water. Can be caused by sweating or plasma loss.
45
Overhydration
Increase in total body water.
46
Edema
A sign of over hydration
47
Electrolytes
Substances that separate into electrically charged particles called ions.
48
Cations
Ions with a positive charge
49
Anions
Ions with a negative charge
50
Examples of Cations
Sodium, Potassium, and Calcium
51
Examples of Anions
Chloride, Bicarbonate and Phosphate
52
Isotonic Solutions
Solutions on opposite sides of a membrane are equal in concentration
53
Hypertonic Solutions
The concentration of a given solute is greater on one side of a membrane than the other
54
Hypotonic Solutions
The concentration of a given solute is less on one side of a membrane than the other.
55
Osmosis
The movement of water from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lesser water concentration
56
Active Transport
The movement of a substance across the cell membrane against the osmotic gradient. Requires ATP.
57
Facilitated Transport
Certain molecules can move across the cell membrane with the assistance of helper proteins.
58
Osmotic pressure
pressure exerted by the concentration of solutes on one side of a semipermeable membrane
59
Oncotic pressure
Osmotic pressure exerted by large protein particles.
60
Mechanisms that cause edema
decrease in plasma oncotic force increase in hydrostatic pressure increase capillary permeability lymphatic channel obstruction
61
Hypernatremic Dehydration
Loss of H2O. Can be caused by misuse of diuretics, excessive sodium intake, profuse diarrhea, inhalation or ingestion of salt water.
62
Hyponatremic Dehydration
Loss of sodium in excess of water. Can be caused by Excessive perspiration, increased water intake, inhalation or ingestion of fresh water.
63
Electrolyte imbalances associated with Potassium
Hypokalemia and Hyperkalemia
64
Electrolyte imbalances associated with Sodium
Hyponatremia and Hypernatremia
65
Electrolyte imbalances associated with Calcium
Hypocalcemia and Hypercalcemia
66
Electrolyte imbalances associated with Magnesium
Hypermagnesemia ad Hypomagnesemia