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Paramedic > Pathophysiology > Flashcards

Pathophysiology Flashcards

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1
Q

2 Things all cells require

A

Oxygen and Glucose

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2
Q

Tissues

A

A group of cells that have a similar function

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3
Q

Organs

A

A group of tissues that have a similar function

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4
Q

Organ System

A

A group of organs that have a similar function

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5
Q

7 Major Functions of Cells

A

Movement, conductivity, Metabolic Absorption, Secretion, Excretion, Respiration and Reproduction.

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6
Q

Cell Membrane

A

Outer covering that encircles and protects the cell.

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7
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Thick, viscous fluid that fills and gives shape to the cell.

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8
Q

Organelles

A

Structures that perform specific functions within a cell.

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9
Q

Name 6 Organelles

A 
Golgi Apartus
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
Lysosomes
Nucleus 
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Peroxisomes
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10
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

Lines internal and external body surfaces and protects the body. Ex. Skin, mucous membranes and lining of the intestinal tract

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11
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

Smooth, skeletal or cardiac. Most muscle tissue requires an outside impulse to initiate depolarization or muscle contraction.

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12
Q

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

A

Does not require an outside impulse to work.

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13
Q

Smooth Muscle

A

Found in the intestines and encircling blood vessels.

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14
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A

Most abundant and is under voluntary control.

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15
Q

Connective Tissue

A

Provides support, connection and insulation. Ex. bone, cartilage, fat and blood

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16
Q

Nerve Tissue

A

Tissue that transmits electrical impulses throughout the body. Ex. Spinal cord, brain and peripheral nerves.

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17
Q

Organ Systems

A

Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Endocrine, Lymphatic, Reproductive, Gastrointestinal, Genitourinary, Integumentary, Nervous, Muscular and Skeletal

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18
Q

Pathophysiology

A

The study of how diseases alter the normal physiological processes of the human body.

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19
Q

Cellular Adaptation

A

Adaptation to external stressors results in alteration of structure and function.

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20
Q

Types of Cellular Adaptation

A

Atrophy, Hypertrophy, Metaplasia, Hyperplasia and Dysplasia

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21
Q

Atrophy

A

Decreased cell size due to decreased workload

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22
Q

Hypertophy

A

Increased cell size due to increased workload

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23
Q

Metaplasia

A

Replacement of one type of cell by another type of cell that is not normal for that tissue.

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24
Q

Hyperplasia

A

An increase in the number of cells resulting from an increased workload

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25
Q

Dysplasia

A

A change in cell size, shape or appearance caused by an external stressor.

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26
Q

Types of Cellular Injury

A

Hypoxic, Chemical, Infectious, Immunological/Inflammatory, Physical agents, nutritional balances an Genetic factors.

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27
Q

Apoptosis

A

Cellular Death

28
Q

Gangrenous Necrosis

A

Cellular death over a wide area.

29
Q

Homeostasis

A

The body’s natural tendency to keep an internal environment and metabolism steady and normal.

30
Q

Metabolism

A

The building up and breaking down of biochemical substances to produce energy.

31
Q

Aerobic Metabolism

A

Uses 26 ATP

32
Q

Anaerobic Metabolism

A

Uses 3 ATP and lactic acid

33
Q

Contributing factors to Disease

A

Age, lifestyle, genetics, environment and gender.

34
Q

Immunologic Disorders

A

Allergies, asthma and rheumatic fever.

35
Q

Cancer’s that are familial

A

Breast, colorectal and lung.

36
Q

Endocrine Disorders

A

Diabetes, kidney failure and blindness.

37
Q

Hematologic Disorders

A

Hemophilia and hematochromatosis.

38
Q

Cardiovascular Disorders

A

Long QT syndrome, cardiac myopathies, Mitral valve prolapse, hypertension, strokes and coronary heart disease,

39
Q

Renal Disorders

A

Gout and Kidney stones

40
Q

Gastrointesinal Disorders

A

Lactose intolerance, Crohn’s disease, gallstones and obesity

41
Q

Nueromuscular Disorders

A

Huntingdon disease, Alzheimers and Muscular Dystrophy.

42
Q

Intracellular Fluid

A

75% of the body’s fluid

43
Q

Extracellular Fluid

A

Interstitial and Intravascular

44
Q

Dehydration

A

Abnormal decrease in total body water. Can be caused by sweating or plasma loss.

45
Q

Overhydration

A

Increase in total body water.

46
Q

Edema

A

A sign of over hydration

47
Q

Electrolytes

A

Substances that separate into electrically charged particles called ions.

48
Q

Cations

A

Ions with a positive charge

49
Q

Anions

A

Ions with a negative charge

50
Q

Examples of Cations

A

Sodium, Potassium, and Calcium

51
Q

Examples of Anions

A

Chloride, Bicarbonate and Phosphate

52
Q

Isotonic Solutions

A

Solutions on opposite sides of a membrane are equal in concentration

53
Q

Hypertonic Solutions

A

The concentration of a given solute is greater on one side of a membrane than the other

54
Q

Hypotonic Solutions

A

The concentration of a given solute is less on one side of a membrane than the other.

55
Q

Osmosis

A

The movement of water from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lesser water concentration

56
Q

Active Transport

A

The movement of a substance across the cell membrane against the osmotic gradient. Requires ATP.

57
Q

Facilitated Transport

A

Certain molecules can move across the cell membrane with the assistance of helper proteins.

58
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

pressure exerted by the concentration of solutes on one side of a semipermeable membrane

59
Q

Oncotic pressure

A

Osmotic pressure exerted by large protein particles.

60
Q

Mechanisms that cause edema

A

decrease in plasma oncotic force
increase in hydrostatic pressure
increase capillary permeability
lymphatic channel obstruction

61
Q

Hypernatremic Dehydration

A

Loss of H2O. Can be caused by misuse of diuretics, excessive sodium intake, profuse diarrhea, inhalation or ingestion of salt water.

62
Q

Hyponatremic Dehydration

A

Loss of sodium in excess of water. Can be caused by Excessive perspiration, increased water intake, inhalation or ingestion of fresh water.

63
Q

Electrolyte imbalances associated with Potassium

A

Hypokalemia and Hyperkalemia

64
Q

Electrolyte imbalances associated with Sodium

A

Hyponatremia and Hypernatremia

65
Q

Electrolyte imbalances associated with Calcium

A

Hypocalcemia and Hypercalcemia

66
Q

Electrolyte imbalances associated with Magnesium

A

Hypermagnesemia ad Hypomagnesemia

Paramedic (6 decks)

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