Pathophys final review part 2 Flashcards
The half life of PTH is
4 minutes
Hyperparathyroidism is classified as
primary (parathyroid gland destruction) or secondary
Acute hypoglycemia can present with
stridor, laryngospasm, & apnea
Parathyroid hormone surgery utilizes
NIMs tube, gel head ring, & extra peripheral IV for blood sampling
Exogenous ______ is converted in the gut
iodide
The half life to T3 is
1-3 days
A _________ loop exists for the thyroid
negative feedback loop
The differential diagnosis for thyroid storm can include
MH crisis or hypermetabolic picture or pheo
Uncontrolled hypothyroidism can result in
myxedema coma
Unilateral damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve causes
hoarseness
This induction agent is avoided in Addison’s disease.
etomidate due to transient adrenal suppression
The anterior pituitary secretes
growth hormone, ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH, & prolactin
Acromegaly may present with
a difficult airway
Increased secretion of growth hormone after adolescence is known as
acromegaly
Treatment for diabetes insipidus may include
DDAVP
Cystic fibrosis results in
defective chloride ion transport, people die from chronic pulmonary infection, viscous secretions
avoid anticholinergics
Describe metabolic syndrome
DMII, insulin resistance, HTN, visceral obesity, high triglycerides
Kidneys receive______ of the total CO
15-25%
Kidneys autoregulate blood pressure between
60-160 mmHg
Contrast induced neuropathy is the result of
iodinated dye
Describe the stages of chronic renal failure.
decreased renal reserve: asymptomatic until <40% of normal nephron remain
renal insufficiency: 10-40% of functioning nephrons remain; compensated, little reserve
ESRD: >95% of nephrons are nonfunctioning
The EKG in hyperkalemia will demonstrate
peaked T waves
______ is the opioid of choice in CKD
fentanyl
The following drugs should be avoided in CKD:
ketorolac, morphine, & gabapentin
The duration of action of muscle relaxants ______ in CKD
may be prolonged
Sugammedex is excreted
via the kidney
The fluid of choice for patients with AKI or CKD is
albumin
The perioperative goal of hyperglycemia is to maintain blood glucose levels below
180 mg/dL
Patients with long-standing diabetes are at increased risk for
aspiration due to gastroparesis
A pituitary tumor can cause
blindness due to its location putting pressure on the optic chiasm
Cushing’s disease is the
excessive cortisol secretion
-can result in sudden weight gain, moon face, electrolyte abnormalities, systemic hypertension
Conn’s disease is
secondary hyperaldosteronism
excess secretion of aldosterone from a functional tumor
may see systemic hypertension that is resistant to treatment & hypokalemia
Addison’s disease is
primary renal insufficiency
deficiency of all adrenal cortex secretions including mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, & androgens
Hypoaldosteronism is
a congenital deficiency that involves hyporeninemia
results in hyperkalemic acidosis, severe hyperkalemia, hyponatremia, & myocardial conduction defects
Pheochromocytoma is a
catecholamine secreting tumor with norepi>epi
Type 1 vs. type 2 DM
type 1 is caused by T cell mediated autoimmune destruction of beta cells in the pancreas
-DKA is most associated with type 1 diabetes
type 2 DM is caused by insulin resistance & beta cell insufficiency
Describe DKA vs. HHS.
DKA- increased ketones- polyuria, dyspnea, N/V
HHS- polyuria, polydipsia, confusion, lethargy
Insulinoma is a
benign pancreatic tumor that is diagnosed by Whipple’s triad: hypoglycemia with fasting, glucose of less than 50 with symptoms, relief of symptoms with administration of glucose
Diabetes insipidus vs. SIADH
DI: polyuria, inability to concentrate urine, tx. include DDAVP
SIADH: syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone- water intoxication, dilutional hyponatremia, brain edema
may be the result of neoplasms of the lung
Renal cell carcinoma is
the most common renal malignancy
classic triad presentation of hematuria, flank pain, & renal mass
Renal dysplasia is
the malformation of the tubules during fetal development
kidney consists of irregular cysts of varying sizes
may also have ureteropelvic junction obstruction & vesicoureteral reflex
Polycystic kidney disease is
massive enlargement of the kidneys with compromised renal function- cysts can also occur on other organs
can result in hemorrhage, rupture, or infection
Wilm’s tumor is
most common malignant renal tumor in children
has capacity for rapid growth
Describe prerenal, intrinsic, and postrenal.
Pre-renal hypoperfusion or hypovolemia that impair kidney perfusion
intrinsic- renal or acute tubular necrosis as a result of tissue damage can be nephrotoxic injury like drugs or infection
post-renal- obstruction, surgical ligation, or edema
