GI Pathophysiology 1- Hideyo

Question 1

The function of the GI system includes

Answer 1

ingestion, fragmentation, digestion, & absorption

Question 2

The following aids in digestion through secretion of enzymes:

Answer 2

salivary glands, liver (bile), gall bladder (stores & releases bile), & pancreas (secretes digestive enzymes trypsin, sodium bicarbonate, & insulin)

Question 3

Fragmentation is the process of

Answer 3

chewing in which food is broken down into smaller particles

Question 4

The GI system provides

Answer 4

nutrients, water & electrolytes to the body

Question 5

Describe the anatomy of the GI tract.

Answer 5

lumen, epithelium, submucosa, muscularis externa/tunica muscularis
has longitudinal & circular muscles

Question 6

The function of the esophagus and anus includes

Answer 6

protective

non-secretory, non-absorptive

Question 7

The function of the stomach is

Answer 7

secretory

Question 8

The function of the intestine is

Answer 8

absorptive

Question 9

Describe the innervation of the esophagus.

Answer 9

innervated by glossopharyngeal and vagus nerve

Question 10

The lower esophageal sphincter constricts at

Answer 10

30 mmHg

Question 11

Describe the two types of glands in the stomach

Answer 11

Oxyntic (gastric) glands- includes surface & neck cells, parietal cells, & chief (peptic) cells
Pyloric glands- surface and neck cells, gastric cells

Question 12

Describe what gastric surface and neck cells secrete.

Answer 12

mucus

Question 13

Describe what parietal (oxyntic) cells secrete.

Answer 13

HCl

intrinsic factor- required for absorption of vitamin B12

Question 14

Describe what chief (peptic) cells secrete

Answer 14

pepsinogen

Question 15

Describe what pyloric surface and neck cells secrete.

Answer 15

mucus

Question 16

Describe what gastric cells secrete

Answer 16

gastrin

Question 17

The mechanism of gastric acid secretion is via

Answer 17

parietal cells in which Co2+H2O use carbonic anhydrase to produce HCO3- and H+
H+ is used in the ATPase pump in exchange for K+ coming into the cell
when chloride and hydrogen combine we get hydrochloric acid

Question 18

Regulation of HCl secretion is thorugh

Answer 18

positive feedback: cephalic phase, gastric phase, & intestine phase
negative feedback: H+ mediate (inhibits gastrin secretion)

Question 19

The cephalic phase is mediated by

Answer 19

the vagus nerve

gastrin release, histamine release and the vagus nerve stimulates the ATPase pump to increase production of HCl

Question 20

The gastric phase is initiated by

Answer 20

chemical stretch of stomach, alcohol, and caffeine

to release gastrin and ultimately increases production of HCl

Question 21

______ inhibits gastrin secretion (negative feedback system).

Answer 21

somatostatin

Question 22

Common causes of gastric ulcer include

Answer 22

excess NSAID or infection by H. pylori

Question 23

Therapy for gastric ulcer includes

Answer 23

antibiotics (H. pylori) & PPIs

surgical resection of vagus nerve to decrease acid production