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Physiology & Pharmacology > Pathophy 3 > Flashcards

Pathophy 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the growth characteristics of transformed cells?

A 
Immortality in culture
Decreased contact inhibition 
Decreased serum requirement
Loss of anchorage dependance
Resistance to apoptosis
Changes to the cell membrance structure
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2
Q

What is contact inhibition?

A

A growth mechanism from a genetic alteration occurs to form a monolayer
Plenty of free space to move around and rapidly replicates

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3
Q

What is a transformed cell?

A

A genetic alteration of a cell resulting in the uptake of exogenous DNA through to cell membrane

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4
Q

Does a tumour form new vessels or jois pre existing ones?

A

Forms new vessels from pre existing ones

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5
Q

With more vessels and a higher blood supply does the tumour growing bigger/quicker

A

Yes

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6
Q

What are the cytological characteristics of Transformed cells? (tumourigenic)

A 
Increase in cytoplasmic basophillia
Increase in number and size of nucleoli
Increase in nuclear: cytoplasmic ratio
Retraction of cytoplasm
Formation of cluster and cords of cells
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7
Q

What are the 6 oncogenes?

A 
HST
ERBB
RAF
RAS
MYC
BCL2
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8
Q

What are oncogenes?

A

A gene which has the suseptability to cause cancer

Mutated or expressed at high levels

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9
Q

Oncogenes normally function as…

A

Growth factors (eg, sis or PDGF)
Growth factor receptors (eg, erb B or EGF receptor)
Signal transduction eg ras
Nuclear transcription factors eg, c-myc

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10
Q

How are oncogene mechanisms activated?

A

Viruses
Point mutation
Translocation dysregulating transcription
producing a novel chimaric mRNA

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11
Q

Examples of tumour suppressor genes?

A 
RB1- Retinoblastoma
p53-Sarcoma/Breast cancer
APC-Colorectal cancer
MSH2- Colorectal cancer
NF1- Neurofibromas
PTCH-Skin cancer
BRAC1-Breast cancer
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12
Q

What do tumour suppressor genes do?

A

Stop the pathway of the formation cancer

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13
Q

How are tumour suppressor genes inactivated?

A

By point mutations (germline or somatic)

Inactivation of their protein products by viral proteins eg, E6 and E7 of HPV bind to RB and p53 proteins

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14
Q

What is viral oncogenisis?

A

where viruses are a part of the tumour progression process

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15
Q

What are examples of viral oncogenisis?

A

Human papilloma virus (HPV) and cervical cancer
Epstein Barr virus and burkitts lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Hep B and heptocellular carcinoma
HIV and lymphoma and kaposi sarcoma

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16
Q

Whats a sarcoma?

A

a malignant tumour of connective or other non-epithelial tissue

17
Q

What are the 4 stages of tumour progression

A
  1. Normal tissue
  2. Pre malignant lesion
  3. Primary tumour
  4. Metastasis
18
Q

What is APC (adenomatous polyposis coli) Gene?

A

APC is a tumour suppressor gene, located at 5q21
Associated with chromosomal deletions
Plays role in apoptosis

19
Q

What diseases are associated with APC?

A

FAP

Colorectal cancer

20
Q

What cancer does the APC gene cause (90%)?

A

Large bowel carcinomas

21
Q

What APC gene mutations are associated to diseases?

A

Gastric
Duodenal
Thyroid
Brain Cancer

22
Q

Whats FAP (Famillial adenomatous polyposis)?

A

An inherited gene mutation on the APC gene

This suggests a link between FAP and chromosomal deletions on 5q

23
Q

What is Ras and what is its function?

A

A guanine triphophatase
Function: role in signalling pathways
Types: H-Ras, K-Ras

24
Q

How are ras proteins activated?

A

By point mutation

25
Q

What is raf?

A

protein involved in cancer
A major prolifertive and antiapoptotic effector, show that BRAF (raf kinase) is frequently activated in human tumours, in melanomas (70%)

26
Q

How is ras activated?

A

The activation is marked by the loss of intrinsic GTPase activity of the ras protein due to a missence mutation on 12 and 13 codons of exon 1

27
Q

What is tp53?

A

tumour suppressor gene

28
Q

Why study tp53 mutations?

A

tp53 somatic mutations are frequent in human cancers (5%-70%)
tp53 mutation is inherited
presence of the tp53 mutation may be predictiveof the tumour responseto treatment and patient survival

29
Q

tp53 mutations are useful in…

A

Molecular epidemiology of cancer
Molecular genetics
Molecular pathology of cancer
Structural biology

30
Q

p53 fuction/role?

A

Gate keeper of the cell
responds to many stimuli
Inhibits cell division
Mutations can cause a range of cancers

31
Q

What is LFS and what does it do?

A

Li-faumeni syndrome

due to a germline mutation of p53 tumour suppressor gene

32
Q

Due to genetic events, how is LFS phenotype modified?

A

intragenic polymorphism
mutations of genes in the p53 regulatory pathway
telomere attrition

33
Q

What would genetic events of the LFS phenotype explain?

A

explain the breath of tumour histotypes (types of different tumour tissue type) across the LFS families

Physiology & Pharmacology (10 decks)

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