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Renal Final > Pathoma Acute Renal Failure > Flashcards

Pathoma Acute Renal Failure Flashcards

1
Q

Renal papillary necrosis may be caused by chronic […] abuse

A
  • analgesic
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2
Q

Acute tubular necrosis caused by […] is due to decreased renal blood flow

A
  • ischemia
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3
Q

Renal papillary necrosis may be caused by […] disease or trait

A
  • sickle cell
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4
Q

In early postrenal azotemia, the BUN:creatinine ratio is […] 15

A
  • greater than
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5
Q

Acute tubular necrosis is caused by […] or nephrotoxic injury

A
  • ischemic
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6
Q

One clinical feature of renal failure is […], which is a symptomatic clinical syndrome marked by increased nitrogenous waste products in the blood (azotemia)

A
  • uremia
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7
Q

Renal papillary necrosis presents with gross […]-uria and colicky flank pain

A
  • hematuria
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8
Q

One complication of acute pyelonephritis is renal […] necrosis

A
  • papillary
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9
Q

In addition to hematuria, renal papillary necrosis may also present with […]-uria

A
  • proteinuria
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10
Q

What is the urine osmolality (mOsm/kg) in acute tubular necrosis?

[…]

A

< 350 mOsm/kg (low)

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11
Q

[…] is charactized by sloughing of necrotic renal papillae

A
  • renal papillary necrosis
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12
Q

What is the fractional excretion of Na+ (FENa) in early postrenal azotemia?

[>2% or <1%?]

A

< 1% normal

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13
Q

What is the most common cause of acute renal failure in hospitalized patients?

[…]

A
  • acute tubular necrosis
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14
Q

Acute interstitial nephritis is less commonly secondary to systemic […] (e.g. mycoplasma)

A
  • infections
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15
Q

Acute interstitial nephritis is associated with hemat-uria and pyruria (classically […])

A
  • eosinophils
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16
Q

Drugs that cause acute interstitial nephritis may be remembered with the 5 “P’s”

A
  • Pee (diuretics)
  • Pain-free (NSAIDS)
  • Penicillins (and cephalosporins)
  • Proton pump inhibitors
  • rifamPin
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17
Q

The hallmark of acute kidney injury is […], often with oliguria

A
  • azotemia
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18
Q

Acute interstitial nephritis is characterized histologically by
[…] in the connective tissue between renal tubules

A
  • inflammatory infiltrate
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19
Q

Acute tubular necrosis is associated with […] casts in the urine

A
  • granular “muddy brown”
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20
Q

During the recovery phase of acute tubular necrosis, BUN and serum creatinine levels […]

A
  • decrease
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21
Q

What is the effect of postrenal azotemia on GFR?

[…]

A
  • decreased GFR
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22
Q

Acute interstitial nephritis may present with […] and […], days to weeks after starting a drug

A
  • fever and rash
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23
Q

During the recovery phase of acute tubular necrosis, there is increased risk for […]-kalemia and renal wasting of other electrolytes and minerals

A
  • hypokalemia
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24
Q

In prerenal azotemia, the BUN:creatinine ratio is […] 15

A
  • greater than 15
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25
Q

Does the maintenance phase of acute tubular necrosis present with oliguria or polyuria?

[…]

A
  • oliguria
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26
Q

Acute tubular necrosis caused by […] is due to toxic substances

A
  • nephrotoxicity
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27
Q

What acid-base disturbance is associated with the maintenance phase of acute tubular necrosis?

[…]

A
  • Metabolic Acidosis
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28
Q

Renal papillary necrosis may be caused by severe acute […]

A
  • pyelonephritis
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29
Q

Does postrenal azotemia occur with unilateral or bilateral obstruction?

[…]

A
  • bilateral
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30
Q

What physical exam finding may be associated with acute interstitial nephritis?

[…]

A
  • CVA tenderness
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31
Q

What is the treatment for drug-induced acute interstitial nephritis?

[…]

A
  • cessation of the drug
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32
Q

The third (final) stage of acute tubular necrosis is the […] phase

A
  • recovery
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33
Q

What is the urine osmolality (mOsm/kg) in long-standing postrenal azotemia?

[…]

A

< 350 mOsm/Kg (low)

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34
Q

Acute tubular necrosis may be caused by heavy metals such as […]

A
  • lead
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35
Q

In long-standing postrenal azotemia, the BUN:creatinine ratio is […] 15

A
  • less than
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36
Q

What is the effect of prerenal azotemia on GFR?

[…]

A
  • decreased GFR
37
Q

Acute tubular necrosis may be caused by […]-contrast dyes

A
  • radio
38
Q

Acute tubular necrosis due to nephrotoxic injury most commonly affects the […]

A
  • proximal tubule
39
Q

Acute tubular necrosis is reversible but often requires supportive […] due to electrolyte imbalances (e.g. hypokalemia)

A
  • dialysis
40
Q

Acute tubular necrosis is caused by ischemic or […] injury

A
  • nephrotoxic
41
Q

Renal papillary necrosis presents with gross hemat-uria and colicky […] pain

A
  • flank
42
Q

Acute interstitial nephritis is associated with […]-uria and pyruria (classically eosinophils)

A
  • hematuria
43
Q

The hallmark of acute kidney injury is azotemia, often with [urinary change]

A
  • oliguria
44
Q

[…] is associated with granular “muddy brown” casts in the urine

A
  • acute tubular necrosis
45
Q

During the recovery phase of acute tubular necrosis, there is increased risk for hypo-kalemia and renal […] of other electrolytes and minerals

A
  • wasting
46
Q

What is the urine osmolality (mOsm/kg) in prerenal azotemia?

[…]

A

> 500 mOsm/Kg (normal)

47
Q

What renal pathology is associated with eosinophils in the urine?

[…]

A
  • acute interstitial nephritis
48
Q

Acute tubular necrosis may be caused by high levels of […] (e.g. tumor lysis syndrome)

A
  • uric acid
49
Q

Nephritic syndrome is associated with […] BUN and creatinine

A
  • increased
50
Q

What is the effect of acute tubular necrosis on GFR?

[…]

A
  • decreased GFR
51
Q

How does the fractional excretion of Na+ (FENa) change in prerenal azotemia?

[…]

A
  • decreased < 1%
52
Q

Does the recovery phase of acute tubular necrosis present with oliguria or polyuria?

[…]

A
  • polyuria
53
Q

What is the fractional excretion of Na+ (FENa) in long-standing (severe) postrenal azotemia?

[>2% or <1%?]

A

> 2% (elevated)

54
Q

In acute tubular necrosis, the BUN:creatinine ratio is […] 15

A
  • less than
55
Q

During the maintenance phase of acute tubular necrosis, there is increased risk for […]-kalemia and uremia

A
  • hyperkalemia
56
Q

What is the fractional excretion of Na+ (FENa) in acute tubular necrosis?

[…]

A

> 2% (elevated)

57
Q

In prerenal azotemia, there is […] reabsorption of Na+ and H2O

A
  • increased
58
Q

What is the urine Na+ (mEq/L) in acute tubular necrosis?

[…]

A

> 40 mEq/L

59
Q

The second stage of acute tubular necrosis is the […] phase

A
  • maintenance
60
Q

[…] azotemia is due to obstruction of the urinary tract downstream from the kidney (e.g. stones, BPH, neoplasia)

A
  • post renal
61
Q

What is the urine Na+ (mEq/L) in postrenal azotemia?

[ >40 or <20?]

A

> 40

62
Q

Acute tubular necrosis due to ischemic injury is often preceded by […]

A
  • prerenal azotemia
63
Q

Intrarenal azotemia is less commonly due to acute […] or acute interstitial nephritis

A
  • glomerulonephritis
64
Q

The first stage of acute tubular necrosis is the […]

A
  • inciting event
65
Q

What endocrine pathology may cause renal papillary necrosis?

[…]

A
  • diabetes mellitus
66
Q

Acute interstitial nephritis may progress to renal […]

necrosis

A
  • papillary
67
Q

Acute tubular necrosis may be caused by ingestion of […], which is associated with oxalate crystals in the urine

A
  • ethylene glycyol
68
Q

What chemotherapeutic agent may cause acute tubular necrosis?

[…]

A
  • cisplatin
69
Q

What is the urine Na+ (mEq/L) in prerenal azotemia?

[…]

A

< 20 mEq/L

70
Q

Acute interstitial nephritis is less commonly secondary to […] diseases (e.g. Sjogren syndrome, SLE, sarcoidosis)

A
  • autoimmune
71
Q

How long does the maintenance phase of acute tubular necrosis last?

[…]

A

1-3 weeks

72
Q

Acute tubular necrosis may be caused by […], which can occur with crush injuries

A
  • myoglobinuria
73
Q

[…] azotemia is due to decreased renal blood flow (e.g. cardiac failure, hypotension)

A
  • prerenal
74
Q

What is the urine osmolality (mOsm/kg) in early postrenal azotemia?

[>500 or <350?]

A

> 500

75
Q

What class of anti-microbials is a common cause of acute tubular necrosis?

[…]

A
  • aminoglycosides
76
Q

Acute tubular necrosis is characterized histologically by loss of […] and detachment of tubular cells from the basement membrane

A
  • nuclei
77
Q

Intrarenal azotemia is generally due to […] necrosis or ischemia/toxins

A
  • acute tubular
78
Q

Acute tubular necrosis due to ischemic injury most commonly affects the […] and the medullary segment of the thick ascending limb

A
  • proximal tubule
79
Q

Intrarenal azotemia is less commonly due to acute glomerulonephritis or acute […]

A
  • interstitial nephritis
80
Q

Acute tubular necrosis may be caused by ingestion of ethylene glycol, which is associated with […] crystals in the urine

A
  • oxalate
81
Q

Prerenal azotemia is due to decreased […] (e.g. cardiac failure, hypotension)

A
  • renal blood flow
82
Q

Acute tubular necrosis is characterized histologically by loss of nuclei and […] of tubular cells from the basement membrane

A
  • detachment
83
Q

[…] azotemia is generally due to acute tubular necrosis or ischemia/toxins

A
  • intrarenal
84
Q

Acute tubular necrosis due to ischemic injury most commonly affects the proximal tubule and the medullary segment of the […]

A
  • thick ascending limb
85
Q

Azotemia typically refers to an increase in serum […] and […]

A
  • BUN

- creatinine

86
Q

[…] is a drug-induced hypersensitivity reaction involving the interstitium and tubules of the kidney

A
  • acute interstitial nephritis
87
Q

[…] and allopurinol are used prior to initiation of chemotherapy to decrease risk of urate-induced acute tubular necrosis

A
  • hydration
88
Q

Acute interstitial nephritis is a drug-induced […] reaction involving the interstitium and tubules of the kidney

A
  • hypersensitivity
89
Q

Hydration and […] are used prior to initiation of chemotherapy to decrease risk of urate-induced acute tubular necrosis

A
  • allopurinol

Renal Final (13 decks)

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