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UWorld Question Review > Pathology UWorld > Flashcards

Pathology UWorld Flashcards

1
Q

Difference between NRTIs and NNRTIs

A

NNRTIs don’t require phosphorylation to work. include Navirapine, efavirens, delavirdine

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2
Q

Most common cause of mitral stenosis

A

Rheumatic fever. Happens years after infection. Atria enlarge, can cause mural thrombi and stroke

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3
Q

How to distinguish sulfonylurea use from insulinoma

A

Both have increased insulin, hypoglycemia, increased c peptide. Must test for sulfonylureas in blood

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4
Q

What kills patients with T2DM?

A

Heart failure

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5
Q

Why are lower parts of lungs most sensitive to alpha1antitrypsin deficiency?

A

Most perfusion. More neutrophils come in and more neutrophil elastase.

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6
Q

What are potent activators of neutrophil chemotaxis

A

LTB4, IL8, C5A, bacterial products

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7
Q

Factor V leiden causes…

A

Venous thrombosis, cerebral vein thrombosis, pregnancy loss.

Not arterial

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8
Q

Councilman bodies

A

Eosinophilic inclusions in the liver caused by viral hepatitis. They correspond to apoptosis occurring

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9
Q 
Markers of lymphoid cells
epithelial cells
myeloid cells
mesenchymal cells
neuroendocrine cells
A 
CD20 for b cells, CD3 for T
Cytokeratin
MPO
Vimentin
Chromogranin A or neuron specific enolase
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10
Q

Cancers associated with Her2/neu?

A

Breast, endometrial, cervical, gastric sometimes

Her 2 new is an epithelial growth factor receptor

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11
Q

What causes amenorrhea in anorexic females?

A

Decreases in all sex hormones. FSH down, LH down, estradiol down

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12
Q

Vitiligo

A

Decreases melanocytes in patches of skin

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13
Q

Feared complication of UC. How to diagnose

A

Toxic megacolon (distension, pain). Diagnose with x-ray

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14
Q

Symptoms of SSPE

A

Ataxia, myoclonus. Occurs several years after measles infection. Thought to be due to the accumulation of viral nucleocapsids

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15
Q

Progressive supranuclear palsy

A

Vertical gaze palzy, gait disfunction. Parkinsonism due to neurodegeneration of frontal subcortical white matter

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16
Q

What causes fistulas in crohn’s disease?

A

Transmural inflammation

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17
Q

Symptoms of hypokalemia

A

paresthesias, weakness

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18
Q

Intestinal carcinoid tumor appearance

A

Nests of uniform cells with round nuclei. Often found in ileum and appendix. Rectum too.

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19
Q

DeQuervains viral granulomatous thyroiditis

A

Painful thyroid weeks after viral infection. Transient hyperthyroidism followed by hypothyroidism. Granulomas

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20
Q

Causes of avascular necrosis?

A

Steroids, SLE, alcohol, sickle cell

All decrease blood to femur, groin pain

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21
Q

Uncal herniation (transtentorial herniation)

A

Will compress CN III causing down and out eyes. Can compress ipsilateral pca causing contralateral hemianopsia with macular sparing.

Worse case scenario? brainstem hemorrhages onto pons -> death

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22
Q

Ristocetin

A

Activates GP1B on platelets for binding to vWF. No aggregation during ristocetin test, vW disease

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23
Q

Rule of 10 for pheo

A

10% genetic (men2A, 2B, VHL)
10% bilateral
10% extra adrenal
10% malignant

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24
Q

Which testicular cells are sensitive to temp?

A

Sertoli cells

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25
Q

Which cancer don’t you do surgery for?

A

Small cell lung carcinoma

26
Q

Glucagonoma

A

Cause necrotic migratory bronze colored erythema (papules on face/perineum), diabetes, and anemia.

27
Q

Zinc deficiency

A

Pustular lesions without a central clearing. Impaired wound healing, hair loss, impaired taste

28
Q

Trosseau’s sign

A

Migratory thrombophlebitis, usually a sign of cancer in pancreas/colon/lung

29
Q

Medullary thyroid carcinoma

A

Nests of parafollicular c-cells with amyloid deposits, a feature of MEN2B

30
Q

Wilson Disease

A

Mutation in ATP7B on chromosome 13. Decreased secretion of ceruloplasmin, decreased copper excretion

31
Q

Red neurons

A

Acute irreversible damage causes cell body shrinkage, pyknosis, decreased nissl substance, eosinophilia

32
Q

Inferior wall (diaphragmatic surface) leads and artery?

A

PDA (which comes from the RCA)

Check with II, III, aVF

33
Q

LAD leads

A

V1 V2

34
Q

LCX leads

A

V5 V6

35
Q

Varicose veins

A

Dilatation of veins. Predisposes people to skin ulcerations, poor wound healing, painful thromboses

36
Q

Phlegmasia alba dolens

A

Ileofemoral venous thrombosis in peripartum women

37
Q

Pheo vs hyperthyroidism

A

Pheo can cause transient activation.

hyperthyroidism is constant

38
Q

Ecchymoses size

A

> 1cm

purpura .5-1 cm

39
Q

AFP is a marker for

A

HCC or yolk sac carcinoma

40
Q

Viral meningitis cell count

A

Normal glucose, increased protein, 90% lymphocytes

Bacterial has low glucose, increased protein, increased neutrophils

41
Q

APC tumor suppressor does what…

A

Responsible for intercellular attachment

42
Q

CSF in MS patientsq

A

Oligoclonal bands from IgG overload.

43
Q

Kartagener syndrome

A

Bronchiectasis, infertility, situs inversus

Due to primary ciliary dyskinase

44
Q

Lupus pancytopenia vs lupus nephritis

A

Lupus pancytopenia is due to type II HSR against blood cells, Nephritis is type III HSR

45
Q

Xanthelasmas caused by

A

either 1 or secondary hyperlipidemia.

PBC and other cholestatic syndromes cause increased cholesterol in bloodstream

46
Q

MEN1

A

Pituitary (prol/GH)
Parathyroid (hypercalcemia)
Pancreas (gastrin)

47
Q

MEN2A

A

Medullary carc of thyroid
Pheo/pheo
Parathyroid

48
Q

MEN2B

A

Medullary carc
Pheo pheo
Oral neuromaas/marfanoid habitus

49
Q

Parvovirus causes…

A

Slapped cheek rash in kids with fever, knee/wrist symmetric arthritis in adults

50
Q

What cranial nerve controls lacrimal, mandibular, sublingul glands?

A

CN VII

51
Q

Oral glucose tolerance test used to diagnose diabetes in what patent population?

A

Pregnant women. Check glucose for type 1 and 2

52
Q

FGF2 purpose

A

Endothelial cell proliferation/migration and angiogenesis.

53
Q

Progression of MI 1 day 1 week 1 month

A 
coag necrosis
1 day
Neutrophils/macrophages
1 week
granulation tissue
1 month
fibrous scar
54
Q

Gummas

A

Sign of tertiary syphilis (when VDRL is positive in CSF with pleocytosis), start as a painless indurated granulomatous lesion.

55
Q

How to diagnose tetanus

A

With history and physical – no toxin assay available

56
Q

What causes clubbing that isn’t a respiratory condition? Pathogenesis

A

Crohn’s, malabsorption, hyperthyroidism

Thought to be due to increased megakaryocytes and platelest with fibrovasular proliferation

57
Q

Ureter location

A

Lies posterior to uterine artery. During hysterectomy, may be cut causing hydronephrosis

58
Q

Gout birefringence?

A

Negative. Yellow in parallel light.

59
Q

Persistant lymphedema can cause..

A

Lymphangiosarcoma (after radical mastectomy)

60
Q

Glomangioma

A

Small blue tumor under nail bed of smooth muscle cell that directs blood away from cold fingers to preserve heat. Found in pads of fingers also.

61
Q

Can melanomas be subungual?

A

yes

62
Q

Gottron Papules

A

Red, papular lesions over bony prominences in dermatomyositis (also has heliotrope rash over eyelids)

UWorld Question Review (10 decks)

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