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UWorld Question Review > Endocrinology > Flashcards

Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

Ras Pathway

What substrates use it?

A

Tyrosine kinase, ras, raf, mek, erk (MAP KINASE)

Utilized by growth factors and insulin

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2
Q

Jak-stat pathway

What substrates use it?

A

Receptor tyrosine kinase.

used by IGF1, prolactin, growth hormone, and cytokines

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3
Q

Neurophysins

A

Carry hypothalamic hormones (ADH and oxytocin) to posterior pituitary.

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4
Q

FSH affects which type of cells?

A

Sertoli cells, which then produce inhibin to feed back and stop production of FSH.

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5
Q

Inheritance of glycogen storage disorders?

A

Autosomal recessive.

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6
Q

Type I GSD (Von Gierke’s)

A

G6Phosphatase deficiency. Glucose can’t leave the cell. Severe hypoglycemia ensues. Increase in liver glycogen. Causes angiokeratomas and kidney/heart damage Treat with frequent oral glucose. Don’t give fructose or galactose

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7
Q

Type II GSD

A

Pompe’s disease. Defect in 1,4 alpha glucosidase (acid maltase). Causes cardiomyopathy

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8
Q

Type III GSD

A

Cori disease, defect in 1,6 alpha glucosidase (debranching enzyme). Leaves limit dextrans on. Small residues remain. Causes hypoglycemia but not as severe as von gierke’s. Normal blood lactate, but can sometimes cause ketoacidosis

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9
Q

Type V GSD

A

Glycogen phosphorylase deficiency in muscle. Causes weakness, myoglobinuria and cramping.

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10
Q

Complication of N meningitides

A

Waterhouse friedrichsen syndrome (infarct of adrenals causing severe hypotension)

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11
Q

How to treat hypoglycemia outside of the hospital?

A

Intramuscular glucagon

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12
Q

Glut 2

A

Bidirectional glucose carrier in islets, liver, kidney. Has a high Vmax but a high km.

Similar in behavior to glucokinase

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13
Q

Pretibial myxedema

A

Sign of GRAVES DISEASE hyperthyroidism. Caused by antibody complexes, not actual thyroid issue. Specific for graves disease (with exopthalmos)

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14
Q

Glucocorticoid effects on neutrophils?

A

Increases their number due to demargination

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15
Q

How to treat 21 OH deficiency that causes precocious puberty in boys?

A

Block ACTH, which will be incredibly high due to minimal feedback from cort.

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16
Q

Transient vs permanent central DI?

A

Transient is damage to posterior pituitary, permanent is damage to hypothalamus.

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17
Q

Does insulin cross placenta?

A

No, but glucose does, which can cause hyperplasia of islet cells and hypoglycemia in infant.

18
Q

SIADH volume disorder?

A

Euvolemic hyponatremia

19
Q

Complete DI vs partial DI

A

Complete DI is a greater than 50% increase in Uosm when treated with ADH, partial is a 10% increase

20
Q

Amiodarone side effects?

A

Hyper/hypothyroidism, pulmonary fibrosis, corneal deposits, blue-gray disoloration.

21
Q

Pyrimethamine

A

Blocks DHF reductase. Used to treat PCP (in sulfa allergy), toxoplasmosis, plasmodium falciparum

22
Q

Are all beta blockers bad in diabetics?

A

Yes, can mask the symptoms of hypoglycemia, but selectives (a->m) are better than nonselectives

23
Q

What is PPAR gamma?

A

It is a nuclear receptor that increases adiponectin

24
Q

what makes rT3

A

T4

25
Q

What drugs block the iodide transporter?

A

Perchlorate/pertechnetate

26
Q

5 alphareductase

A

Turns T to DHT (which is responsible for external genitalia)

27
Q

Treatment for adrenal crisis?

A

Corticosteroids

Symptoms of adrenal crisis are tachycardia, low BP, and N/v

28
Q

Effect of increased free fatty acids on insulin response?

A

Causes insulin resistance

29
Q

Apoplexy and treatment

A

Hemorrhage into pituitary adenoma, causes hypopit and severe headache. Treat with glucocorticoids to stop life threatening hypotension

30
Q

Tachyphylaxis

A

Decreased drug response after repeated use

31
Q

Flutamide

A

Competitive androgen receptor blocker to treat prostate ca.

32
Q

Hypothyroid myopathy

A

Increases CK causes proximal muscle weakness, muscle pain, cramps, also causes myoedema and delayed DTRs.

33
Q

How to distinguish hypothyroid myopathy from glucocorticoid myopathy

A

Weakness and muscle wasting from glucocorticoids doesn’t have an increase in CK.

34
Q

Thioamides side effect

A

Agranulocytosis, can also cause aplastic anemia.

35
Q

Betablockers effect on thyroid hormones

A

Decrease HR by blocking beta receptors on heart, but also block the peripheral conversion from T4 to T3

36
Q

Hypoglycemia after prolonged fasting

A

Due to defective beta oxidation of fatty acids caused by acyl coa dehydrogenase

37
Q

Major side effect of HAART?

A

Redistribution of body fat to trunk, wasting of fat from face

As opposed to glucocorticoids which cause moon facies

38
Q

Levels of T and DHT after leuprolide?

A

Transient increase, then decrease

39
Q

Tamoxifen

A

SERM that is an estrogen antagonist in breast, but agonist in bone (and endometrium).

40
Q

Where does glucagon act?

A

In the liver. Epinephrine exerts its action on muscle

UWorld Question Review (10 decks)

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