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pathology summary Flashcards

1
Q

necrosis

A

death of tissues/ organs
- due to disease/ injury/ loss of blood supply

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2
Q

coagulative

A

cell-outline preserved (kidney/heart)

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3
Q

colliquative

A

brain (liquid necrosis)

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4
Q

caseous

A

mycobacteria (TB) - cheesy

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5
Q

gangrenous

A

cell death by necrosis then infection on top (lower limb ischaemia)

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6
Q

fibrinoid

A

due to immune mediated vascular damage

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7
Q

fat necrosis

A

activated lipless on fat tissue
- acute pancreatitis

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8
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cell death

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9
Q

p53

A

stimulates apoptosis of faulty cells in G1 of cell cycle loss of p53 → cancer

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10
Q

what do telomeres on DNA do

A

prevent degradation and fusion
they also add nucleotides to end of DNA

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11
Q

free radicals

A

atoms with unpaired electrons

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12
Q

benefits of acute inflammation

A
  • entry of antibodies
  • O2/ nutrients
  • delivery and drug transport
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13
Q

harmful effects of acute inflammation

A
  • healthy tissue digestion
  • swelling
  • inappropriate inflammatory response
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14
Q

inflammation characteristics

A

redness
heat
swelling
pain
loss of function

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15
Q

Redness –

A

dilatation of small blood vessels

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16
Q

Heat –

A

increased blood flow through region

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17
Q

Swelling –

A

accumulation of fluid in extravascular space

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18
Q

Pain –

A

distortion of tissue

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19
Q

Loss of function –

A

inhibited by pain/swelling

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20
Q

margination

A
  • allows neutrophils into plasma
  • Loss of intravascular fluid, increased plasma viscosity
  • Surface and endothelial cell adhesion molecules increased by cytokines
21
Q

name the 5 chemical mediators

A

histamine
serotonin
chemokine
leukotrienes
prostaglandins

22
Q

Histamine –

A

increases vascular dilatation

23
Q

Serotonin –

A

increase vascular permeability

24
Q

Chemokines –

A

attract leukocytes to site of inflammation

25
Q

Leukotrienes –

A

sustain inflammation

26
Q

Prostaglandins –

A

increase vascular permeability, stimulate platelet aggregation

27
Q

Suppuration =

A

formation of pus

28
Q

Resolution =

A

restoration of tissue to normal

29
Q

Macroscopic appearances of chronic inflammation:

A
  • Chronic ulcer, abscess, thickening of wall by fibrosis, granulomas, fibrosis
30
Q

Granuloma =

A

mass of granulation tissue [collection of macrophages]

31
Q

why do granulomas form

A

in response to foreign bodies – TB, Crohn’s, parasites, malignancy

32
Q

neoplasia =

A

new, abnormal growth

33
Q

Dysplasia =

A

disordered growth (pre-malignant)

34
Q

Metaplasia =

A

change from one mature cell type to another [Barret’s Oesophagus]

35
Q

Hyperplasia =

A

Increase in cell number

36
Q

Hypoplasia =

A

Incomplete organ developmen

37
Q

Hypertrophy =

A

Increase in cell size

38
Q

Atrophy =

A

Decreased cell size and number

39
Q

benign =

A

Papilloma, adenoma

40
Q

malignant =

A

Carcinoma, sarcoma, lymphoma

41
Q

Angiogenesis –

A

formation of new, abnormal blood vessels

42
Q

Metastases –

A

second malignant growth at distance from primary site [by blood or lymph]

43
Q

Malignant ratio =

A

high nucleus:cytoplasm ratio

44
Q

Cachexia –

A

weight loss by cancer TNM staging
– Tumour, Nodes, Metastases

45
Q

hallmarks of cancer

A
  • Sustained growth signalling
  • Loss of growth inhibition
  • Unlimited replicative potential
  • Resisting apoptosis
  • Metastasis
  • Angiogenesis
  • Evasion of immune system
46
Q

Atheroma –

A

arterial wall degeneration due to fatty deposit / scar tissue > thrombosis

47
Q

Virchow’s triad:

A
  • Hyper-coagulability, haemodynamic changes, endothelial injury
48
Q

Infarction [by thrombus/embolus] –

A

restriction of blood supply > local death of tissue

random lectures (9 decks)

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