microbiology summary Flashcards
gram positive
purple, exotoxin
gram negative
pink, endotoxin
Commensal =
“nice organism” – part of normal flora
Opportunistic =
“back-stabber” – infection in immunocompromised
how does bacteria replicate
by binary fission
Micro-aerophilic atmosphere =
reduced O2 conc, high CO2 conc
what do moulds produce
spores [aspergillus]
how does yeast reproduce
by budding [candida]
Most common food poisoning
– Campylobacter
Transformation –
DNA from dead bacteria taken up
Conjugation –
direct transfer of genetic bacteria from one bacteria to another (pilus)
Transduction –
DNA introduced into a bacteria/cell by a virus
5 I’s of infection:
Inhalation, Ingestion, Inoculation, mother to Infant, Intercourse
bactericidal
kills bacteria
bacteriostatic
inhibits bacterial growth
penicillin
narrow spectrum
tetracycline
broad spectrum
what antibiotics inhibit cell wall synthesis
penicillin, ceftriaxone, vancomycin
describe Penicillin and ceftriaxone
beta-lactams and excreted from kidneys. C. difficile
Antibiotics inhibiting protein synthesis:
macrolides, doxycycline, gentamicin
Macrolides (lipophilic) –
erythromycin, clarithromycin
Antibiotics that act on bacterial DNA
metronidazole, trimethoprim, fluoroquinolones
viral replication steps
attachment
entry
replication
assembly
release (lysis/ budding)
Food poisoning after rice –
Bacillus sereus
Haemophilus Influenza –
Chest infection [COPD]
C.difficile –
Diarrhoea after antibiotics
C. difficile infection (4 C’s) –
clindamycin, ceftriaxone, co-amoxiclav, ciprofloxacin
Gentamicin used for coliforms [gm- aerobic]
s/e: kidney damage, CN VIII damage – deafness/blindness
Fluoroquinolone –
Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin
when pregnant what antibiotics should you use
avoid “basically” all antibiotics but penicillin.