microbiology summary

Question 1

gram positive

Answer 1

purple, exotoxin

Question 2

gram negative

Answer 2

pink, endotoxin

Question 3

Commensal =

Answer 3

“nice organism” – part of normal flora

Question 4

Opportunistic =

Answer 4

“back-stabber” – infection in immunocompromised

Question 5

how does bacteria replicate

Answer 5

by binary fission

Question 6

Micro-aerophilic atmosphere =

Answer 6

reduced O2 conc, high CO2 conc

Question 7

what do moulds produce

Answer 7

spores [aspergillus]

Question 8

how does yeast reproduce

Answer 8

by budding [candida]

Question 9

Most common food poisoning

Answer 9

– Campylobacter

Question 10

Transformation –

Answer 10

DNA from dead bacteria taken up

Question 11

Conjugation –

Answer 11

direct transfer of genetic bacteria from one bacteria to another (pilus)

Question 12

Transduction –

Answer 12

DNA introduced into a bacteria/cell by a virus

Question 13

5 I’s of infection:

Answer 13

Inhalation, Ingestion, Inoculation, mother to Infant, Intercourse

Question 14

bactericidal

Answer 14

kills bacteria

Question 15

bacteriostatic

Answer 15

inhibits bacterial growth

Question 16

penicillin

Answer 16

narrow spectrum

Question 17

tetracycline

Answer 17

broad spectrum

Question 18

what antibiotics inhibit cell wall synthesis

Answer 18

penicillin, ceftriaxone, vancomycin

Question 19

describe Penicillin and ceftriaxone

Answer 19

beta-lactams and excreted from kidneys. C. difficile

Question 20

Antibiotics inhibiting protein synthesis:

Answer 20

macrolides, doxycycline, gentamicin

Question 21

Macrolides (lipophilic) –

Answer 21

erythromycin, clarithromycin

Question 22

Antibiotics that act on bacterial DNA

Answer 22

metronidazole, trimethoprim, fluoroquinolones

Question 23

viral replication steps

Answer 23

attachment
entry
replication
assembly
release (lysis/ budding)

Question 24

Food poisoning after rice –

Answer 24

Bacillus sereus

Question 25

Haemophilus Influenza –

Answer 25

Chest infection [COPD]

Question 26

C.difficile –

Answer 26

Diarrhoea after antibiotics

Question 27

C. difficile infection (4 C’s) –

Answer 27

clindamycin, ceftriaxone, co-amoxiclav, ciprofloxacin

Question 28

Gentamicin used for coliforms [gm- aerobic]

Answer 28

s/e: kidney damage, CN VIII damage – deafness/blindness

Question 29

Fluoroquinolone –

Answer 29

Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin

Question 30

when pregnant what antibiotics should you use

Answer 30

avoid “basically” all antibiotics but penicillin.