formative summary revision Flashcards
what is Km increased by
competitive inhibition
what is Vmax decreased by
non-competitive inhibition
allosteric binding
sigmoidal curve
non-allosteric enzyme
hyperbolic curve
what are the 3 irreversible stages of glycolysis mediated by enzymes
- Hexokinase – substrate entry
- Phosphofructokinase – rate of flow
- Pyruvate kinase – product exit
what is metaplasia
mature cell transforms into another mature cell
dysplasia
disorder growth in abnormal cells in tissue
what are the hallmarks of cancer
- Resisting cell death
- Sustaining proliferative signalling
- Evading growth suppressors
- Activating invasion and metastasis
- Inducing angiogenesis
- Genome instability
when is steady state achieved
after 5 half lives
describe temp control/ negative feedback
- Central & peripheral thermoreceptors sense change in temp
- Send signals to hypothalamus
- Hypothalamus sends signals to effectors
- Effectors take action to oppose change
what is the test for gram positive
crystal violet dye
Pink
negative
purple
positive
endotoxin
negative
exotoxin
positive
what does an oncogene do
promote cell division
what does a tumour suppressor gene do
inhibit cell division
pyrimidine
cytosine, thymine, uracil
purine
guanine, adenosine
transcription
RNA polymerase
Topoisomerase
DNA rotation to help unwinding DNA
helicase
unzips DNA
DNA polymerase –
Adds nucleotides
Primase
Makes primer DNA
ligase
joins up Okazaki fragments
start codon =
AUG
what provides energy
GTP
what catalyses peptide bond formation between amino acids in P and A sites
Peptidyl transferas
autosomal dominant
in every generation
50% chance of passing onto offspring
autosomal recessive
2 genes needed and even so only a 25% chance of passing onto offspring
ectoderm
nervous tissue = controls
mesoderm
muscle tissue = moves
mesoderm
connective tissue = supports
endoderm
epithelial tissue = covers
IgM
first