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immunology summary Flashcards

1
Q

what are barriers to infection

A

skin, mucous, commensal bacteria

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2
Q

innate response

A

early, non-specific [PAMPS:PRRs]

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3
Q

Adaptive response –

A

late, specific

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4
Q

phagocytes:

A

neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells

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5
Q

lymphocytes:

A

T-cells, B-cells, NK cells

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6
Q

Mast cells –

A

reside in tissues & protect mucosal surfaces

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7
Q

Degranulate releasing –

A

Histamine and Tryptase

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8
Q

Gene expression –

A

TNF, chemokines, leukotrienes

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9
Q

what do Basophils & Eosinophils do

A

circulate in blood, recruited to site of infection

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10
Q

what do neutrophils do

A

circulate in blood, rapidly recruited to site of inflammation

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11
Q

how do neutrophils attack pathogens

A

by phagocytosis, NETs, release of degradative proteases

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12
Q

Macrophages –

A

reside in tissues, limit inflammation

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13
Q

how do macrophages limit inflammation

A

Phagocyte extracellular pathogens & clear debris from dead tissues

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14
Q

when do dendritic cells mature

A

when in contact with pathogen

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15
Q

what are dendritic cells in peripheral tissues

A

immature

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16
Q

where do dendritic cells migrate to

A

lymph nodes

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17
Q

describe dendritic cells regarding antigen presentation

A

initiates adaptive immune response

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18
Q

describe NK cells

A

virally infected cells and antibody bound cells

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19
Q

what are B cells

A

antibodies

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20
Q

Helper T cells (CD4) –

A

IL-2

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21
Q

Cytotoxic T cells (CD8) –

A

induces apoptosis in virally infected and tumour cells

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22
Q

what are the primary lymphoid tissue

A

bone marrow & thymus

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23
Q

what are the secondary lymphoid tissue

A

lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen

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24
Q

what do cytokines do

A

modulate cell behaviour

25
Q

Interferons –

A

anti-viral

26
Q

TNF –

A

pro-inflammatory

27
Q

Chemokines –

A

control and direct cell migration

28
Q

Interleukins – IL-2 =

A

T-cell proliferation

29
Q

IL-10 =

A

anti-inflammatory

30
Q

Systemic effect of inflammation =

31
Q

what do Pro-inflammatory cytokine cause the liver to produce

A

acute phase proteins

32
Q

what are acute phase proteins

A

CRP, complement proteins, serum amyloid A

33
Q

what is MHC 1 expressed on

A

all nucleated cells

34
Q

what is MHC 2 expressed on

A

dendritic cells, macrophages, B-cells

35
Q

IgG =

A

most abundant, can cross into placenta

36
Q

IgD =

A

part of B cells

37
Q

IgM =

A

first, pentamer

38
Q

IgE =

A

allergic response

39
Q

IgA =

A

monomeric in blood, dimeric in secretions
breast milk

40
Q

what are the functions of antibodies

A

opsonization, stimulate NK cells, allergic response, class-switching

41
Q

what is the germinal centre

A

sites in lymph nodes where B-cells proliferate, differentiate, class-switch

42
Q

IL-2 – T-

A

cell growth factor

43
Q

IL-6 –

A

Induces fever

44
Q

what is the most important complement molecule

45
Q

when is C3 produced

A

in the acute phase response to inflammation from the liver

46
Q

what is C3 driven by

A

IL-1, IL-6, TNFa (pro-inflammatory mediators).

47
Q

what indicated inflammation

48
Q

classical pathway

A

C3 —–> C3a + C3b

49
Q

what is mannose

A

a sugar produced by bacterial cells

50
Q

what does mannose do

A

activates MBL which then activates the cleavage of C3

51
Q

alternative pathway

A
  • C3 isn’t stable and spontaneously degenerates to C3a and C3b
  • Positive feedback loop from C3b to C3
52
Q

2nd option C3b

A

C3b ——> C5a + C5b

53
Q

C3b –

A

opsonisation

54
Q

C5a –

A

chemotaxis, vasoactive inflammatory response (TNF-a)

55
Q

C5b –

A

membrane attack complex

56
Q

hypersensitivity

A

classical pathway

57
Q

what does TH2 do

A

stimulates basophils, eosinophils and mast cells for parasitic response

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