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MODULE 16 - Alimentary Tract Disease > PATHOLOGY - Ruminant Oral and Gastrointestinal Disease > Flashcards

PATHOLOGY - Ruminant Oral and Gastrointestinal Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What are the differential diagnoses for oral lesions in ruminants?

A

Foot and mouth disease
Bovine papular stomatitis
Mucosal disease
Malignant catarrhal fever
Vesicular stomatitis
Calf diptheria
Actinobacillosis (Wooden tongue)
Actinomycosis (Lumpy jaw)
Blue tongue
Infectious bovine rhinotracheatitis (IBR)
Trauma
Dental disease
Neoplasia

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2
Q

Which differential diagnoses for oral lesions are notifiable diseases in ruminants?

A

Foot and mouth disease
Vesicular stomatitis
Blue tongue

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3
Q

What is bovine papular stomatitis?

A

Bovine papular stomatitis is a disease caused by pox virus which invades the host through damaged oral mucosa

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4
Q

(T/F) Bovine papular stomatitis is a zoonotic disease

A

TRUE.

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5
Q

What is the typical signalement for bovine papular stomatitis?

A

Young ruminants who are bucket fed as the buckets and feed can become contaminated with pox virus

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6
Q

What are the clinical signs of bovine papular stomatitis?

A

Concentric, irregular edged oral lesions
No systemic clinical signs

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7
Q

How do you treat bovine papular stomatitis?

A

Treatment is not required for bovine papular stomatitis as this disease should resolve by itself

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8
Q

What is calf diphtheria?

A

Calf diptheria is a disease caused by fusobacterium necrophorum which is a gram-negative, commensal bacteria which invades the host through damaged oral mucosa

Gram negative

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9
Q

What is the typical signalement for calf diphtheria?

A

Young calves

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10
Q

What are the clinical signs of calf diphtheria?

A

Firm, painful facial swellings
Hypersalivation
Halitosis
Upper respiratory signs
Enlarged lymph nodes
Pyrexia

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11
Q

How do you treat calf diphtheria?

A

Calft diphtheria can be treated with a broad-spectrum antibiotic

e.g. Oxytetracycline

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12
Q

Which other diseases can be caused by fusobacterium necrophorum?

A

Foot rot
Laryngeal chondritis
Hepatic abscesses

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13
Q

Which breeds of sheep are prone to laryngeal chondritis?

A

Texel
Beltex

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14
Q

What is actinobacillosis (wooden tongue)?

A

Actinobacillosis (wooden tongue) is a disease caused by actinobacillus lignieresii which is a gram negative commensal bacteria which invades the host through damage to the oral mucosa or when there is tooth eruptions, causing a pyogranulomatous inflammation

Gram negative

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15
Q

What are the clinical signs of actinobacillosis (wooden tongue)?

A

Firm, swollen tongue with minimal movement (often hangs out of the mouth)
Hypersalivation
Dropping food from mouth
Bolus of food within the oral cavity (as they cannot put the food towards the pharynx with their tongue)
Anorexia
Enlarged lymph nodes
Cutaneous masses

You will have to get a gag to have a proper look at the tongue

Farmers often notice hypersalivation first

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16
Q

How do you treat actinobacillosis (wooden tongue)?

A

Actinobacillosis can be treated with broad spectrum antibiotics

e.g. Oxytetracycline

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17
Q

What is a differential diagnosis that appears very similar to cutaneous actinobacillosis?

A

Cutaneous sporadic bovine leukosis (SBL)

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18
Q

What is actinomyces (lumpy jaw)?

A

Actinomyces (lumpy jaw) is a disease caused by actinomyces bovis which is a commensal gram positive bacteria which can invade the host through damaged oral mucosa or when there is tooth eruptions, and cause granulomatous osteomyelitis

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19
Q

What are the clinical signs of actinomyces (lumpy jaw)?

A

Hard, immovable swellings of the jaw
Loose teeth
Unable to masticate food

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20
Q

How do you treat actinomyces (lumpy jaw)?

A

You can treat actinomyces (lumpy jaw) with Penicillin (which targets G+)

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21
Q

What else can be used in the treatment of actinomyces (lumpy jaw)?

A

Intravenous sodium iodide, repeated 1 to 2 weeks post administration

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22
Q

Why is sodium iodide not commonly used in the treatment of actinomyces (lumpy jaw)?

A

Sodium iodide is not commonly used in the treatment of actinomyces (lumpy jaw) as treatment with antibiotics is sufficient and sodium iodide can have a range of side effects

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23
Q

What are the side effects of sodium iodide in ruminants?

A

Lacrimation
Anorexia
Coughing
Dandruff

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24
Q

What is the prognosis for actinomyces (lumpy jaw)?

A

The prognosis for actinomyces (lumpy jaw) is dependent on the degree of bone and tooth damage

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25
What are some of the main causes of oral trauma in ruminants?
Drenching gun Foreign body Teeth *(sharp enamel points)*
26
What are the clinical signs of oral trauma in ruminants?
Hypersalivation Anorexia Halitosis Enlarged lymph nodes Upper respiratory signs
27
How do you treat oral trauma in ruminants?
NSAIDs Broad spectrum antibiotics Supportive care if indicated
28
(T/F) Dental disease is very common in cattle
FALSE. Dental disease is uncommon in cattle however it is very common in sheep
29
What is the most common form of dental disease in sheep?
Broken mouth
30
What are some of the main causes of oesophageal obstruction in ruminants?
Foreign body Space-occupying lesions Extra-oesophageal obstruction
31
What are the clinical signs of oesophageal obstruction in ruminants?
Hypersalivation Halitosis Extended neck Restlessness Ruminal bloat
32
How do you diagnose oesophageal obstruction in ruminants?
If you are unable to pass a stomach tube into the oesophagus this can indicate an oesophageal obstruction
33
How do you treat an oesophageal obstruction in ruminants?
Using a mouth gag use a stomach tube to dislodge the foreign body Trocarisation if there is ruminal bloat Butylscopalamine (Buscopan) | Important to use a gag as if not the cow will chew up the tube
34
What are some of the history questions that you could ask to investigate gastrointestinal disease in ruminants?
1. Has the patient had any recent surgical procedures? 2. When did you first notice these clinical signs? 3. Were the clinical signs sudden or gradual onset? 4. What is the patient being fed? 5. Has there been in recent change in diet? 6. How is the patient's appetite? 7. Have you watched the patient eat and if so have you noticed anything abnormal? 8. Are they passing faeces? 9. Have you given the patient any treatment and if so how have they responded to it? 10. Are any other animals in the herd affected?
35
What are some of the general clinical signs of gastrointestinal disease in ruminants?
Anorexia Not chewing the cud Weight loss Diarrhoea Faecal staining Abnormal faecal colour Abnormal faecal output Abdominal distension Colic/pain
36
(T/F) Pain/colic signs are very common in ruminants
FALSE. Pain/colic signs are not very common and hard to detect in ruminants
37
What are some of the pain/colic signs in ruminants?
Not moving Stretching Arched back Bruxism (teeth grinding)
38
What is indicated by dark olive green faeces in ruminants?
Dark olive green faeces indicates the animal is being fed forage/grass
39
What is indicated by brown olive green faeces in ruminants?
Brown olive green faeces indicates the animal is being fed hay
40
What is indicated by grey olive green faeces in ruminants?
Grey olive green faeces indicates the animal is being fed grains
41
What is indicated by dry, ball shaped faeces in ruminants?
Gastrointestinal hypomotility Dehydration Hypocalcaemia (Milk Fever)
42
What is indicated by undigested grain in ruminant faeces?
Undigested grains in ruminants faeces can be normal however it can also indicate gastrointestinal dysfunction
43
What is indicated by undigested fibre in ruminant faeces?
Left displaced abomasum Right displaced abomasum
44
What is indicated by melaena in ruminants?
Gastrointestinal ulceration Caudal vena cava syndrome
45
What is indicated by haematochezia in ruminants?
Iatrogenic Cocci infection *(in calves)* Large intestinal disease Caecal disease
46
What can be indicated by blood, mucus and fibrin in the ruminant faeces?
Salmonellosis Mucosal disease
47
What is indicated by absent faecal output in ruminants?
Gastrointestinal ileus Gastrointestinal obstruction
48
What is indicated by distension of this portion of the abdomen in ruminants?
Gaseous ruminal distension
49
What is indicated by distension of this portion of the abdomen in ruminants?
Ruminal distension
50
What is indicated by distension of this portion of the abdomen in ruminants?
Right displaced abomasum Caecal distension
51
What is indicated by distension of this portion of the abdomen in ruminants?
Abdominal impaction
52
What are the differential diagnoses for a 'ping' on percussion of the right side of the abdomen in ruminants?
Right displaced abomasum ± volvulus Caecal dilatation ± volvulus Ruminal distension Small intestinal distension Peritonitis Metritis Vagal indigestion
53
Which differentials for a ping on percussion can be palpated on rectal examination?
Caecal dilatation ± volvulus Small intestinal distension Ruminal distension
54
When is succussion indicated?
Sucussion is indicated if you can hear a ping on percussion
55
What is succussion?
Succussion is where you place your stethoscope over the area you heard the ping on percussion and use your other hand to push your fist into the abdomen. If you hear a splash, this can indicate a gas filled organ with a fluid line
56
What are the differential diagnoses for a splash on succussion?
Right displaced abomasum ± volvulus Caecal dilatation ± volvulus Vagal indigestion
57
What are the indications for gastrointestinal surgery in ruminants?
Gastrointestinal hypomotility Positive succussion test Distended organ palpated on rectal examination Decreased to absent faecal output for 36-48 hours Anorexia Abdominal pain/colic signs Shock Poor response to medical management | An exlap is not a day 1 skill
58
What are the general treatment options for gastrointestinal disease in ruminants?
Fluid therapy NSAIDs Probiotics Transfaunation Anti-spasmodic drugs Antibiotics Steroids *(not in pregnant ruminants)* Exploratory laparotomy
59
What are the four anti-spasmodic drugs which can be used in ruminants?
Butylscopalamine (Buscopan) Butylscopalamine compositum Spasmipur Spasmium compositum
60
Which anti-spasmodic drugs are not liscened in dairy cattle?
Butylscopalamine (Buscopan) Butylscopalamine compositum
61
What are the two forms of ruminal bloat?
Free-gas bloat Frothy bloat
62
What is free gas ruminal bloat?
Free gas ruminal bloat is where there is a physical obstruction or prevention of eructation which allows gas to accumulate within the rumen and cause ruminal bloat
63
What are the causes of free gas ruminal bloat?
Obstruction Abnormal innervation of the gastrointestinal tract Grain overload
64
What is frothy ruminal bloat?
Frothy ruminal bloat is where there is entrapement of the normal gas produced by fermentation in a stable foam which prevents the gas from coalescing and prevents eructation (as the little bubbles don't stimulate the cardia to open), causing gas to accumulate within the rumen and cause ruminal bloat
65
What are the causes of frothy ruminal bloat?
Particular pasture Grain overload
66
Which components of pasture can cause frothy ruminal bloat?
Alfalfa Red/white clover Rape Cabbage Beans Peas
67
What are the clinical signs of ruminal bloat?
Abdominal distension 'Pong' noise on percussion Tachycardia Tachypnoea Sudden death
68
How do you diagnose ruminal bloat?
To diagnose ruminal bloat, you should pass a stomach tube into the rumen. If you cannot pass the tube, this can indicate oesophageal obstruction which indicates free-gas bloat. If you can pass the tube and gas flows out, it is free-gas bloat, if no gas flows out it is likely frothy bloat
69
How do you treat free-gas ruminal bloat?
Stomach tube to decompress the rumen Trocarisation Remove animal from grain source Good quality roughage Probiotics Transfaunation
70
When is trocarisation indicated in treating free-gas ruminal bloat?
Trocarisation is indicated when treating free-gas bloat if you cannot pass a stomach tube or for an emergency situation
71
How do you treat frothy ruminal bloat?
Rumenotomy to remove the foam Anti-foaming agent Remove animal from grain/pasture source Good quality roughage Probiotics Transfaunation
72
What are the clinical signs of an gastrointestinal obstruction ± volvulus in ruminats?
Ping on the right abdomen on percussion Shock Distended loops of intestine on rectal examination Colic/abdominal pain Abdominal distension No faecal output
73
What is haemorrhagic bowel syndrome?
Haemorrhagic bowel syndrome is a disease caused by clostridium perfringens type A or a fungal infection resulting in haemorrhagic jejunitis which can result in blood clot formation and a jejunal obstruction
74
What is the typical signalement for haemorrhagic bowel syndrome?
High yielding dairy cows
75
What are the clinical signs of haemorrhagic bowel syndrome?
Melaena Depression Shock
76
How do you treat haemorrhagic bowel syndrome?
Exploratory laparotomy to massage the blood clot to dislodge it or an enterotomy to remove the blood clot
77
What is the prognosis for haemorrhagic bowel syndrome?
Haemorrhagic bowel syndrome is often fatal
78
What is winter dysentery?
Winter dysentery is an acute diarrhoeal disease in ruminants caused by coronavirus
79
What is the typical history associated with winter dysentery?
Winter dysentery is associated with recently housed ruminants with a rapid onset of clinical signs and spread of the disease throughout the herd
80
What is the key clinical sign of winter dysentery?
Profuse, foul smelling diarrhoea
81
How do you treat winter dysentery?
Winter dysentery should not require any treatment
82
What is the most common cause of peritonitis in ruminants?
Abdominal surgery is the most common cause of peritonitis in ruminants
83
What are the clinical signs of peritonitis in ruminants?
Pyrexia Anorexia Abdominal pain/colic Gastrointestinal hypomotility to ileus Ping on right sided percussion Unable to do 'rectal sweep' on rectal examination
84
Why are you unable to do a 'rectal sweep' on rectal examination in ruminants with peritonitis?
Peritonitis can cause the formation of adhesions between the abdominal organs, preventing a 'rectal sweep' in ruminants with peritonitis
85
What further diagnostic tests can be done to diagnose peritonitis in ruminants?
Ultrasound Abdominocentesis
86
How do you treat chronic, generalised peritonitis in ruminants?
Culling
87
How do you treat acute, generalised peritonitis in ruminants?
2 to 3 weeks of broad spectrum antibiotics, or cull
88
How do you treat acute, localised peritonitis in ruminants?
7 to 10 days of broad spectrum antibiotics
89
What is vagal indigestion?
Vagal indigestion is when there is damage or dysfunction of the vagal nerve resulting in gastrointestinal dysfunction
90
What are the clinical signs of vagal indigestion?
Failure to eructate Gastrointestinal hypomotility to ileus Ruminal distension on rectal examination Splash on succussion Dehydration Anorexia Weight loss Decreased faecal output containing undigested food 'Papple' shaped abdomen
91
What is a 'papple' shaped abdomen?
A 'papple' shaped abdomen is where the abdomen has an apple like shape on the left due to ruminal distension and a pear like shape on the right due to abomasal distension
92
How do you treat vagal indigestion?
Vagal digestion requires treatment of the underlying condition which is often challenging and unrealistic for farm animals, so these patients are often culled
93
What are the clinical signs of an abomasal impaction?
Distension of the right ventral abdomen Ping on right sided percussion Dehydration Reduced faecal output
94
How do you treat an abomasal impaction?
Fluid therapy Exploratory laparotomy and abomasotomy to remove the impaction
95
What is the prognosis for abomasal impactions?
Poor prognosis
96
What are trichobezoars?
Trichobezoars is a term for accumulations of hair which can cause gastrointestinal obstructions

MODULE 16 - Alimentary Tract Disease (23 decks)

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