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MODULE 16 - Alimentary Tract Disease > PATHOLOGY - Ruminant Oral and Gastrointestinal Disease > Flashcards

PATHOLOGY - Ruminant Oral and Gastrointestinal Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What are the differential diagnoses for oral lesions in ruminants?

A

Foot and mouth disease
Bovine papular stomatitis
Mucosal disease
Malignant catarrhal fever
Vesicular stomatitis
Calf diptheria
Actinobacillosis (Wooden tongue)
Actinomycosis (Lumpy jaw)
Blue tongue
Infectious bovine rhinotracheatitis (IBR)
Trauma
Dental disease

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2
Q

Which differential diagnoses for oral lesions are notifiable diseases in ruminants?

A

Foot and mouth disease
Vesicular stomatitis
Blue tongue

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3
Q

What is bovine papular stomatitis?

A

Bovine papular stomatitis is a disease caused by pox virus which invades the host through damaged oral mucosa

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4
Q

(T/F) Bovine papular stomatitis is a zoonotic disease

A

TRUE.

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5
Q

What is the typical signalement for bovine papular stomatitis?

A

Young ruminants who are bucket fed as the buckets and feed can become contaminated with pox virus

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6
Q

What are the clinical signs of bovine papular stomatitis?

A

Concentric, irregular edged oral lesions
No systemic clinical signs

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7
Q

How do you treat bovine papular stomatitis?

A

Treatment is not required for bovine papular stomatitis as this disease should resolve by itself

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8
Q

What is calf diphtheria?

A

Calf diptheria is a disease caused by fusobacterium necrophorum which is a gram-negative, commensal bacteria which invades the host through damaged oral mucosa

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9
Q

What is the typical signalement for calf diphtheria?

A

Young calves

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10
Q

What are the clinical signs of calf diphtheria?

A

Firm, painful facial swellings
Hypersalivation
Halitosis
Upper respiratory signs
Enlarged lymph nodes
Pyrexia

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11
Q

How do you treat calf diphtheria?

A

Calft diphtheria can be treated with a broad-spectrum antibiotic or penicillin and streptomycin (PenStrep)

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12
Q

Which other diseases can be caused by fusobacterium necrophorum?

A

Foot rot
Laryngeal chondritis
Hepatic abscesses

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13
Q

Which breeds of sheep are prone to laryngeal chondritis?

A

Texel
Beltex

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14
Q

What is actinobacillosis (wooden tongue)?

A

Actinobacillosis (wooden tongue) is a disease caused by actinobacillus lignieresii which is a gram negative commensal bacteria which invades the host through damage to the oral mucosa or when there is tooth eruptions, causing a pyogranulomatous inflammation

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15
Q

What are the clinical signs of actinobacillosis (wooden tongue)?

A

Firm, swollen tongue with minimal movement (often hangs out of the mouth)
Hypersalivation
Dropping food from mouth
Bolus of food within the oral cavity (as they cannot put the food towards the pharynx with their tongue)
Anorexia
Enlarged lymph nodes

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16
Q

How do you actinobacillosis (wooden tongue)?

A

Actinobacillosis can be treated with broad spectrum antibiotics or with penicillin and streptomycin (PenStrep)

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17
Q

What is actinomyces (lumpy jaw)?

A

Actinomyces (lumpy jaw) is a disease caused by actinomyces bovis which is a commensal gram positive bacteria which can invade the host through damaged oral mucosa or when there is tooth eruptions, and cause granulomatous osteomyelitis

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18
Q

What are the clinical signs of actinomyces (lumpy jaw)?

A

Hard, immovable swellings of the jaw
Loose teeth
Unable to masticate food

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19
Q

How do you treat actinomyces (lumpy jaw)?

A

You can treat actinomyces (lumpy jaw) with broad spectrum antibiotics or with penicillin

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20
Q

What else can be used in the treatment of actinomyces (lumpy jaw)?

A

Intravenous sodium iodide, repeated 1 to 2 weeks post administration

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21
Q

Why is sodium iodide not commonly used in the treatment of actinomyces (lumpy jaw)?

A

Sodium iodide is not commonly used in the treatment of actinomyces (lumpy jaw) as treatment with antibiotics is sufficient and sodium iodide can have a range of side effects

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22
Q

What are the side effects of sodium iodide in ruminants?

A

Lacrimation
Anorexia
Coughing
Dandruff

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23
Q

What is the prognosis for actinomyces (lumpy jaw)?

A

The prognosis for actinomyces (lumpy jaw) is dependent on the degree of bone and tooth damage

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24
Q

What are some of the main causes of oral trauma in ruminants?

A

Drenching gun
Bolus administration
Foreign body
Teeth (sharp points)

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25
Q

What are the clinical signs of oral trauma in ruminants?

A

Hypersalivation
Anorexia
Halitosis
Enlarged lymph nodes
Upper respiratory signs

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26
Q

How do you treat oral trauma in ruminants?

A

NSAIDs
Broad spectrum antibiotics
Supportive care if indicated

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27
Q

(T/F) Dental disease is very common in cattle

A

FALSE. Dental disease is uncommon in cattle however it is very common in sheep

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28
Q

What is the most common form of dental disease in sheep?

A

Broken mouth

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29
Q

What are some of the main causes of oesophageal obstruction in ruminants?

A

Foreign body
Space-occupying lesions
Extra-oesophageal obstruction

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30
Q

What are the clinical signs of oesophageal obstruction in ruminants?

A

Hypersalivation
Halitosis
Extended neck
Restlessness
Ruminal bloat

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31
Q

How do you diagnose oesophageal obstruction in ruminants?

A

If you are unable to pass a stomach tube into the oesophagus this can indicate an oesophageal obstruction

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32
Q

How do you treat an oesophageal obstruction in ruminants?

A

Using a mouth gag use a stomach tube to dislodge the foreign body
Trocarisation if there is ruminal bloat
Butylscopalamine (Buscopan)

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33
Q

What are some of the history questions that you could ask to investigate gastrointestinal disease in ruminants?

A
  1. Has the patient had any recent surgical procedures?
  2. When did you first notice these clinical signs?
  3. Were the clinical signs sudden or gradual onset?
  4. What is the patient being fed?
  5. Has there been in recent change in diet?
  6. How is the patien’t appetite?
  7. Have you watched the patient eat and if so have you noticed anything abnormal?
  8. Are they passing faeces?
  9. Have you given the patient any treatment and if so how have they responded to it?
  10. Are any other animals in the herd affected?
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34
Q

What are some of the general clinical signs of gastrointestinal disease?

A

Anorexia
Not chewing the cud
Weight loss
Diarrhoea
Faecal staining
Abnormal faecal colour
Abnormal faecal output
Abdominal distension
Colic/pain

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35
Q

(T/F) Pain/colic signs are very common in ruminants

A

FALSE. Pain/colic signs are not very common and hard to detect in ruminants

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36
Q

What are some of the pain/colic signs in ruminants?

A

Not moving
Stretching
Arched back
Bruxism (teeth grinding)

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37
Q

What is indicated by dark olive green faeces in ruminants?

A

Dark olive green faeces indicates the animal is being fed forage/grass

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38
Q

What is indicated by brown olive green faeces in ruminants?

A

Brown olive green faeces indicates the animal is being fed hay

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39
Q

What is indicated by grey olive green faeces in ruminants?

A

Grey olive green faeces indicates the animal is being fed grains

40
Q

What is indicated by dry, ball shaped faeces in ruminants?

A

Gastrointestinal hypomotility
Dehydration
Hypocalcaemia (Milk Fever)

41
Q

What is indicated by undigested grain in ruminant faeces?

A

Undigested grains in ruminants faeces can be normal however it can also indicate gastrointestinal dysfunction

42
Q

What is indicated by undigested fibre in ruminant faeces?

A

Left displaced abomasum
Right displaced abomasum

43
Q

What is indicated by melaena in ruminants?

A

Gastrointestinal ulceration
Caudal vena cava syndrome

44
Q

What is indicated by haematochezia in ruminants?

A

Iatrogenic
Cocci infection (in calves)
Large intestinal disease
Caecal disease

45
Q

What can be indicated by blood, mucus and fibrin in the ruminant faeces?

A

Salmonellosis
Mucosal disease

46
Q

What is indicated by absent faecal output in ruminants?

A

Gastrointestinal ileus
Gastrointestinal obstruction

47
Q

What is indicated by distension of this portion of the abdomen in ruminants?

A

Gaseous ruminal distension

48
Q

What is indicated by distension of this portion of the abdomen in ruminants?

A

Ruminal distension

49
Q

What is indicated by distension of this portion of the abdomen in ruminants?

A

Right displaced abomasum
Caecal distension

50
Q

What is indicated by distension of this portion of the abdomen in ruminants?

A

Abdominal impaction

51
Q

What are the differential diagnoses for a ‘ping’ on percussion of the right side of the abdomen in ruminants?

A

Right displaced abomasum ± volvulus
Caecal dilatation ± volvulus
Ruminal distension
Small intestinal distension
Peritonitis
Metritis
Vagal indigestion

52
Q

Which differentials for a ping on percussion can be palpated on rectal examination?

A

Caecal dilatation ± volvulus
Small intestinal distension
Ruminal distension

53
Q

When is succussion indicated?

A

Sucussion is indicated if you can hear a ping on percussion

54
Q

What is succussion?

A

Succussion is where you place your stethoscope over the area you heard the ping on percussion and use your other hand to push your fist into the abdomen. If you hear a splash, this can indicate a gas filled organ with a fluid line

55
Q

What are the differential diagnoses for a splash on succussion?

A

Right displaced abomasum ± volvulus
Caecal dilatation ± volvulus
Vagal indigestion

56
Q

What are the indications for gastrointestinal surgery in ruminants?

A

Gastrointestinal hypomotility
Positive succussion test
Distended organ palpated on rectal examination
Decreased to absent faecal output for 36-48 hours
Anorexia
Abdominal pain/colic signs
Shock
Poor response to medical management

57
Q

What are the general treatment options for gastrointestinal disease in ruminants?

A

Fluid therapy
NSAIDs
Probiotics
Transfaunation
Anti-spasmodic drugs
Antibiotics
Steroids (not in pregnant ruminants)
Exploratory laparotomy

58
Q

What are the four anti-spasmodic drugs which can be used in ruminants?

A

Butylscopalamine (Buscopan)
Butylscopalamine compositum
Spasmipur
Spasmium compositum

59
Q

Which anti-spasmodic drugs are not liscened in dairy cattle?

A

Butylscopalamine (Buscopan)
Butylscopalamine compositum

60
Q

What are the two forms of ruminal bloat?

A

Free-gas bloat
Frothy bloat

61
Q

What is free gas ruminal bloat?

A

Free gas ruminal bloat is where there is a physical obstruction or prevention of eructation which allows gas to accumulate within the rumen and cause ruminal bloat

62
Q

What are the causes of free gas ruminal bloat?

A

Obstruction
Abnormal innervation of the gastrointestinal tract
Grain overload

63
Q

What is frothy ruminal bloat?

A

Frothy ruminal bloat is where there is entrapement of the normal gas produced by fermentation in a stable foam which prevents the gas from coalescing and prevents eructation, causing gas to accumulate within the rumen and cause ruminal bloat

64
Q

What are the causes of frothy ruminal bloat?

A

Particular pasture
Grain overload

65
Q

Which components of pasture can cause frothy ruminal bloat?

A

Alfalfa
Red/white clover
Rape
Cabbage
Beans
Peas

Red clover
66
Q

What are the clinical signs of ruminal bloat?

A

Abdominal distension
‘Pong’ noise on percussion
Tachycardia
Tachypnoea

67
Q

How do you diagnose ruminal bloat?

A

To diagnose ruminal bloat, you should pass a stomach tube into the rumen. If you cannot pass the tube, this can indicate oesophageal obstruction which indicates free-gas bloat. If you can pass the tube and gas flows out, it is free-gas bloat, if no gas flows out it is likely frothy bloat

68
Q

How do you treat free-gas ruminal bloat?

A

Stomach tube to decompress the rumen
Trocarisation
Remove animal from grain source
Good quality roughage
Probiotics
Transfaunation

69
Q

When is trocarisation indicated in treating free-gas ruminal bloat?

A

Trocarisation is indicated when treating free-gas bloat if you cannot pass a stomach tube or for an emergency situation

70
Q

How do you treat frothy ruminal bloat?

A

Rumenotomy to remove the foam
Anti-foaming agent
Remove animal from grain/pasture source
Good quality roughage
Probiotics
Transfaunation

71
Q

What are the clinical signs of an gastrointestinal obstruction ± volvulus in ruminats?

A

Ping on the right abdomen on percussion
Shock
Distended loops of intestine on rectal examination
Colic/abdominal pain
Abdominal distension
No faecal output

72
Q

What is haemorrhagic bowel syndrome?

A

Haemorrhagic bowel syndrome is a disease caused by clostridium perfringens type A or a fungal infection resulting in haemorrhagic jejunitis which can result in blood clot formation and a jejunal obstruction

73
Q

What is the typical signalement for haemorrhagic bowel syndrome?

A

High yielding dairy cows

74
Q

What are the clinical signs of haemorrhagic bowel syndrome?

A

Melaena
Depression
Shock

75
Q

How do you treat haemorrhagic bowel syndrome?

A

Exploratory laparotomy to massage the blood clot to dislodge it or an enterotomy to remove the blood clot

76
Q

What is the prognosis for haemorrhagic bowel syndrome?

A

Haemorrhagic bowel syndrome is often fatal

77
Q

What is winter dysentery?

A

Winter dysentery is an acuet diarrhoeal disease in ruminants caused by coronavirus

78
Q

What is the typical history associated with winter dysentery?

A

Winter dysentery is associated with recently housed ruminants with a rapid onset of clinical signs and spread of the disease throughout the herd

79
Q

What is the key clinical sign of winter dysentery?

A

Profuse, foul smelling diarrhoea

80
Q

How do you treat winter dysentery?

A

Winter dysentery should not require any treatment

81
Q

What is the most common cause of peritonitis in ruminants?

A

Abdominal surgery is the most common cause of peritonitis in ruminants

82
Q

What are the clinical signs of peritonitis in ruminants?

A

Pyrexia
Anorexia
Gastrointestinal hypomotility to ileus
Ping on right sided percussion
Unable to do ‘rectal sweep’ on rectal examination

83
Q

Why are you unable to do a ‘rectal sweep’ on rectal examination in ruminants with peritonitis?

A

Peritonitis can cause the formation of adhesions between the abdominal organs, preventing a ‘rectal sweep’ in ruminants with peritonitis

84
Q

What further diagnostic tests can be done to diagnose peritonitis in ruminants?

A

Ultrasound
Abdominocentesis

85
Q

How do you treat chronic, generalised peritonitis in ruminants?

A

Culling

86
Q

How do you treat acute, generalised peritonitis in ruminants?

A

2 to 3 weeks of broad spectrum antibiotics

87
Q

How do you treat acute, localised peritonitis in ruminants?

A

7 to 10 days of broad spectrum antibiotics

88
Q

What is vagal indigestion?

A

Vagal indigestion is when there is damage or dysfunction of the vagal nerve resulting in gastrointestinal dysfunction

89
Q

What are the clinical signs of vagal indigestion?

A

Failure to eructate
Gastrointestinal hypomotility to ileus
Ruminal distension on rectal examination
Splash on succussion
Dehydration
Anorexia
Weight loss
Decreased faecal output containing undigested food
‘Papple’ shaped abdomen

90
Q

What is a ‘papple’ shaped abdomen?

A

A ‘papple’ shaped abdomen is where the abdomen has an apple like shape on the left due to ruminal distension and a pear like shape on the right due to abomasal distension

91
Q

How do you treat vagal indigestion?

A

Vagal digestion requires treatment of the underlying condition which is often challenging and unrealistic for farm animals, so these patients are often culled

92
Q

What are the clinical signs of an abomasal impaction?

A

Distension of the right ventral abdomen
Ping on right sided percussion
Dehydration
Reduced faecal output

93
Q

How do you treat an abomasal impaction?

A

Fluid therapy
Exploratory laparotomy and abomasotomy to remove the impaction

94
Q

What is the prognosis for abomasal impactions?

A

Poor prognosis

95
Q

Wha are trichobezoars?

A

Trichobezoars is a term for accumulations of hair which can cause gastrointestinal obstructions

MODULE 16 - Alimentary Tract Disease (23 decks)

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