DENTISRY - Small Animal Dentistry Flashcards
What is the permanent dental formula for dogs?
3-1-4-2 / 3-1-4-3
What is the deciduous dental formula for dogs?
3-1-3 / 3-1-3
What is the permanent dental formula for cats?
3-1-3-1 / 3-1-2-1
What is the deciduous dental formula for cats?
3-1-3 / 3-1-2
What should you assess during a conscious head examination?
Facial symmetry
Masticatory muscle
Salivary glands
Lymph nodes
Facial swelling
What is ptyalism?
Ptyalism is a term for excessive salivation
What should you assess during a conscious oral examination?
Assess occlusion
Assess soft tissue structures
Assess hard tissue structures
Assess the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
What is the most common disease of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in dogs?
Arthritis
What is the most common disease of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in cats?
Trauma
Which soft tissue structures should you assess during an unconsious oral examination?
Salivary glands
Incisive papilla
Tongue
Caruncula sublingual
Which hard tissue structures should you assess during an unconsious oral examination?
Teeth
What is the most important form of diagnostics when assessing dentition?
Dental radiography
What are seven dental diseases that affect paediatric patients?
Hyperdontial
Hypodontial
Malocclusion
Cleft palate
Cleft lip
Feline juvenile gingivitis
Enamel defect
What is hyperdontia?
Hyperdontia is where there are extra teeth present in the oral cavity
(T/F) You should always immediately remove retained deciduous and additional teeth
FALSE. You should first assess the age of the patient before removing retained deciduous teeth as this can be a normal finding in animals of a particular age (i.e. six months or younger)
Why is it important to remove hyperdont teeth?
Hyperdont teeth increase the surface area for plaque and calculus to accumulate which increases the risk of periodontal disease, and they can result in malocclusion so it is important for them to be removed
Important to note that that hyperdontia has a good prognosis
What is hypodontia?
Hypodontia is where there are fewer teeth than normal present in the oral cavity
What are one of the main risks of teeth that have not yet erupted?
There is a risk of dentigerous cyst formation
How do you treat dentigerous cysts?
A cyst extravasation procedure
Which dog breed is predisposed to hyposodontia of the first premolar associated with dentigerous cysts?
Boxers
What should you do to further investigate hypodontia?
Dental radiography
What is class I malocclusion?
Class I malocclusion is where the jaw alignment is normal, however the teeth are misalinged
What is type II malocclusion?
Class II malocclusion is where the upper jaw is too long relative to the lower jaw and the upper teeth protrude in front of the corresponding lower teeth
How do you treat type II malocclusion?
To treat type II malocculsion you have to either carry out tooth extractions or refer the patient for crown reduction
What is type III malocclusion?
Type III malocclusion is where the lower jaw is too long relative to the upper jaw and the lower teeth protrude in front of the corresponding upper teeth
Which breeds of dog commonly present with type III malocclusion?
Brachycephalic breeds
(T/F) You always have to treat a cleft lip
FALSE. It is often not necessary to treat a cleft lip unless the patient is experiencing clinical signs as a result on the cleft lip
How do you treat cleft palate?
You can treat cleft palate with surgical closure and supportive care
What is feline juvenile gingivitis?
Feline juvenile gingivitis is an exaggerated inflammatory response to tooth eruption seen in cats
Which breed of cat is particularly prone to feline juvenile gingivitis?
Maine Coons
How do you treat feline juvenile gingivitis?
You should treat the pain and refer patients with feline juvenile gingivitis
What are enamel defects?
Enamel defects are when the enamel does not mineralise correctly
What is indicated by a focal enamel defect?
A focal enamel defect is indicative of trauma
What is a common cause of focal enamel defects?
Extraction of deciduous teeth can result in enamel defects in the permanent teeth
What is indicated by diffuse enamel defects?
Diffuse enamel defects are indicative of systemic disease
List three examples of systemic diseases that can cause diffuse enamel defects
Inadequate nutrition
Pyrexia
Canine distemper virus
What is the most common form of dental disease in small animals?
Periodontal disease
What are the two classifications of periodontal disease?
Gingivitis
Periodontitis
What is gingivitis?
Gingivitis is reversible inflammation of the gingiva
What is periodontitis?
Periodontitis is an irreversible state of disease which affects the gingiva, bone supporting the teeth and the periodontal ligament. Some of the symptoms of periodontitis include pockets between the teeth and gums, halitosis, loose teeth etc.
One of the most common dental diseases in veterinary medicine
What can periodontitis progress to?
Oronasal fistulas and rhinitis
Which breed of dog is particularly prone to oronasal fistulas secondary to periodontitis?
Dachshunds
What should you do if you identify periodontitis on clinical examination?
If you identify periodontitis on clinical examination, you should do a full oral examination and dental radiography to establish the extent of the disease
How do you treat periodontitis?
Periodontitis is treated with tooth extractions
What is one of the most common forms of dental disease in cats?
Tooth resorption
Identify this type of tooth resorption
Type I tooth resorption
What is a key sign of type I tooth resorption?
A red dot on the clinical crown is a key sign of type I tooth resorption
What triggers type I tooth resorption?
Inflammation
Which disease is type I tooth resorption most commonly associated with?
Periodontal disease
Identify this type of tooth resorption
Type II tooth resorption
What triggers type II tooth resorption?
Type II tooth resorption is idiopathic
How do you diagnose type II tooth resorption?
You can diagnose type II tooth resorption with dental radiography
Identify this type of tooth resorption
Type III tooth resorption
Which teeth are most commonly affected by tooth resorption?
Mandibular third premolars followed by the first molars
Which type of tooth resorption always requires treatment?
Type I tooth resorption always requires treatment
How do you treat type I tooth resorption?
Type I tooth resorption is treated with tooth extraction
Identify this classification of tooth trauma
Enamel infraction - microcracks in the enamel of the tooth
Identify this classification of tooth trauma
Enamel fracture
Identify this classification of tooth trauma
Uncomplicated crown fracture - fracture involving the enamel and dentin
How does the tooth respond to uncomplicated crown fractures?
In response to uncomplicated crown fractures, the tooth will produce tertiary dentin to protect the dental pulp from invading microorganisms
Identify this classification of tooth trauma
Complicated crown fracture - racture involving the enamel, dentin and pulp cavity
Identify this classification of tooth trauma
Uncomplicated crown root fracture - fracture involving the root and crown dentin and enamel
Identify this classification of tooth trauma
Complicated crown root fracture - fracture involving the root and crown dentin, enamel and dental pulp
Identify this classification of tooth trauma
Root fracture
What should be done to further investigate tooth trauma?
Dental radiography to ensure the dental pulp has not been affected
Which tooth fractures require treatment?
Complicated crown fractures
Complicated crown root fractures
Root fractures
i.e. pulp involvement always required treatment
What are the strategically important teeth in dogs?
Canines
Upper fourth premolars
Lower first molars
What are the stategically important teeth in cats?
Canines
What is the clinical significance of the strategically important teeth in dogs and cats?
If there is trauma affecting the strategically important teeth in dogs and cats, you should refer the case to try and save the teeth
List five examples of emergency tooth traumas
Concussion
Subluxation
Lateral luxation
Intrusion
Evulsion
What should you do if you are presented with an emergency tooth trauma?
If presented with an emergency tooth trauma, the patient should be referred or the tooth extracted
Identify this classification of tooth trauma
Concussion - haemorrhage within the tooth
What is tooth subluxation?
Tooth subluxation is where the tooth has increased mobitlity but has not been displaced from the alveolar bone
Identify this classification of tooth trauma
Lateral luxation - fracture of the alveolar bone with seperation of the periodontal ligament
Identify this classification of tooth trauma
Intrusion - apical displacement of the tooth
Identify this classification of tooth trauma
Evulsion
What is stomatitis?
Stomatitis is inflammation of the oral soft tissue structures and mucosa
How do you often have to treat stomatitis?
Tooth extraction as stomatitis can be caused by an immune response against plaque and calculus that accumulates on the teeth
What should you do as further investigation in dogs that present with oral inflammation?
In dogs that present with oral inflammation, you should take a biopsy of the mouth to determine if the inflammation is secondary to neoplasia or stomatitis
How do you treat stomatitis?
Stomatitis is very challenging to treat and requires referral
What is an oronasal fistula?
An oronasal fistula is an abnormal connection between the oral and nasal cavities
List five possible causes of oronasal fistulas
Periodontal disease
Malocclusion
Foreign bodies
Neoplasia
Tooth extraction
How can a tooth extraction cause an oronasal fistula?
Tooth extractions without a mucogingival flap will result in an oronasal fistula
How do you treat an oronasal fistula?
An oronasal fistula requires sugical correction and will often require referral
What should you always do before taking a biopsy of oral masses?
Take a photograph of the mass and describe it in detail before taking a biopsy
(T/F) Oral masses in cats are more commonly malignant neoplasia than oral masses in dogs
TRUE.
What is the most common differential diagnosis for an oral mass in cats?
Squamous cell carcinoma
What is the one of the most common differential diagnosis for an oral mass in dogs?
Ameloblastoma (epulids)
Ameloblastoma is a benign tumour
Which dog breed is prone to oral ameloblastomas (epulids)?
Boxers
Identify the dental disease present in this radiograph
Tooth root abscess
What makes a dental radiograph of diagnostic quality?
Contrast between the different tissue types (enamel, dentine, pulp cavity, cortical bone etc)
No superimposition
Able to see 3mm of tissue below the root
Centred appropriately
