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The Renal System > Pathology: Renal and Urology 2 > Flashcards

Pathology: Renal and Urology 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the term given to congenital absence of the kidneys?

A

Renal agenesis

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2
Q

Which condition can occur in utero to a foetus if they have agenesis of both kidneys?

A

Oligohydramnios

Lack of foetal kidneys and urine production so less amniotic fluid is present

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3
Q

Simple cysts within the kidneys are ________ in the population

A

Simple cysts within the kidneys are common in the population

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4
Q

How are the kidneys affected in ARPKD?

A

Bilateral renal enlargent

Enlogated cysts in medullary collecting ducts

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5
Q

Which condition is ARPKD associated with?

A

Congenital hepatic fibrosis

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6
Q

What is the most common cause of congenital cystic disease of the kidneys?

A

ADPKD

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7
Q

Where is the genetic abnormality found in ADPKD?

A

90% chromosome 16 (PKD1 mutation)

10% chromosome 4 (PKD2 mutation)

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8
Q

How do patients with ADPKD present?

A

Age > 40

Abdominal mass

Haematuria

Hypertension

Chronic renal failure

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9
Q

How are the kidneys affected in ADPKD?

A

Massive bilateral renal enlargement >1kg

Glomerular, tubular and medullary cysts

Distorted renal shape

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10
Q

Where else may cysts be found besides the kidney in ADPKD?

A

Liver

Pancreas

Lung

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11
Q

Patients with ADPKD have a high risk of which cerebrovascular condition?

A

Berry aneurysms (in the circle of Willis)

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12
Q

What is the main risk of a Berry aneurysm?

A

Subarachnoid haemorrhage

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13
Q

What is the most common benign tumour in the kidneys?

A

Fibromas

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14
Q

Where are fibromas found in the kidney?

A

Medullary in origin

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15
Q

Where are adenomas found in the kidneys?

A

Cortex

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16
Q

What are angiomyolipomas?

A

Mixture of fat, muscle and blood vessels

(can be uniateral or bilateral)

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17
Q

Angiomyolipomas in the kidney are associated with which condition?

A

Tuberous sclerosis

18
Q

What can a Juvenile granulosa cell tumour of the kindeys lead to?

A

Secondary hypertension

(due to production of renin)

19
Q

What is the most common intra-abdominal malignant tumour in children?

A

Nephroblastoma (Wilm’s tumour)

20
Q

Where do urothelial carcinomas present?

A

Renal pelvis and calyces

21
Q

Renal cell carcinomas present from whcih tissue?

A

Renal tubular epithelium

22
Q

What is the most common malignant renal tumour in adults?

A

Renal cell carcinoma

23
Q

What age range is usually affected by renal cell carcinoma?

A

Males 55-60

24
Q

How does a renal cellc carcinoma present?

A

Abdominal mass,

Haematuria

Flank pain

General features of malignant disease

25
Q

Renal cell cacinoma has which paraneoplastic manifestations?

A

Polycythaemia

Hypercalcaemia

26
Q

How does a renal cell carcinoma appear?

A

Large apparently well circumscribed mass on cortex

27
Q

Extentension into which structure is common withe renal cell carcinomas?

A

Renal vein extension

28
Q

It is possible for renal cell carcinomas to extend where?

A

Renal vein

Vena cava

Right atrium (very severe cases)

29
Q

How can renal cell carcinoma spread?

A

Haematogenous first

Lymphatic later

30
Q

Renal cell carcinoma is associated most commonly with which cell type?

A

Clear cell type

(rich in glycogen and lipid)

31
Q

Where does renal cell carcinoma most commonly metastasize?

A

Lung

Bone

32
Q

Where does the transitonal epithelium extend from?

A

Pelvicalyceal system to urethra

33
Q

Bladder tumours are most commonly due to which tumour type?

A

Transitional cell carcinoma (90%) - Western countries

34
Q

What are the main risk factors for transition cell carcinoma?

A
  1. Aniline dyes (B-naphthylamine)
  2. Rubber industry
  3. Benzidine
  4. Cyclophosphamide
  5. Analgesics (renal pelvis)
  6. Smoking

Having problems with your Pee SAC? (P - Phenacetin S - Smoking A - Aniline dyes C - Cyclophosphamide)

35
Q

What is the most common symptom of transitional cell carcinoma?

A

Haematuria

36
Q

Where do the majority of transitional cell carcinomas present?

A

Trigone

37
Q

What are the two main variants of transitional cell carcinoma?

A

Papillary

Solid

38
Q

Wher can transitional cell carcinomas spread?

A

Lymph nodes (local)

Lung

Liver

39
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma can be associated with which two main things?

A

Calculi

Schistosomiasis

40
Q

What is the most common urinary tract malignancy in children?

A

Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma (affects bladder)

41
Q

Longstanding cystitis cystica predisposes to which type of urinary tract tumour?

A

Adenocarcinoma

42
Q

Why does extroversion occur with adenocarcinoma?

A

Glandular metaplasia

The Renal System (37 decks)

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