Pathology: Male Genital Tract Flashcards
Most squamous carcinoma of the penis are invasive
True or false?
False
Around 5% are
Which type of men are most at risk of squamous carcinoma of the penis?
Uncircumcised
Which aetiological factors predispose to squamous carcinoma of the penis?
Poor hygiene
No circumcision
HPV
What is the appearance of a squamous carcinoma of the penis?
Ulcerating indurated tumour or exophytic mass
Which age group are affected by benign nodular hyperplasia of the prostate?
70
(75% over this age affected, 5% symptomatic)
In benign nodular hyperplasia of the prostate there is irregular proliferation of which tissues?
Glandular and stromal prostatic tissue
What is thought to cause benign nodular hyperplasia of the prostate?
Hormonal imbalance
Alteration of Androgen/Oestrogen ratio
(Central (peri-urethral) gland involved – oestrogen responsive)
Prostatism refers to which clinical symptoms?
Difficulty in starting micturition, poor stream, overflow incontinence.
What are the complications of BPH?
Bladder hypertrophy, diverticulum formation
If untreated hydroureter, hydronephrosis, infection can occur
(it is not a pre-malignant condition)
How is BPH treated?
Surgery (transurethral resection)
Drugs (alpha blockers, 5 alpha reductase inhibitors)
Carcinoma of the prostate is the _______ leading cause of cancer in males
Carcinoma of the prostate is the second leading cause of cancer in males
What is the peak incidence for cacinoma of the prostate?
60-80
(rare before 50)
Carcinoma of the prostate is releated to BPH
True or false?
False
Where does carcinoma of the prostate mainly arise from?
Peripheral ducts and glands
(particularly posterior lobe)
The peri-urethral zone is involved at a later stage
What are the local areas to which carcinoma of the prostate can spread?
Urethral (obstruction)
Capsular penetration
Seminal vesicles
Bladder
Rectum
How does carcinoma of the prostate affect the bone when it metastasizes?
Osteosclerosis
(bone growth)
Which lymph nodes are most affected by carcinoma of the prostate?
Sacral
Ilial
Para-aortic
In which ways can carcinoma of the prostate be diagnosed?
Rectal exam
USS/skeletal X-rays/bone scans
Increased PSA
Biopsy (multiple biopsies)
How is carcinoma of the prostate managed?
Hormonal Therapy – anti-androgen treatment
Radiotherapy – bone metastases
Surgery – Radical Prostatectomy
How common are testicular tumours?
1% cancer deaths in males
Most common organ malignancy in young males
Which risk factor for testicular tumour insreases risk 10 fold?
Testicular maldescent
How do testicular tumours present?
Painless testicular enlargement
Testicular tumours can be associated with which other signs/conditions?
Hydrocele
Gynaecomastia
General effects of malignant disease
What are the different type of testicualr tumours?
Germ cell tumours
Paratesticular tumours
Others
What is the most common type of tumour?
Germ cell
(seminoma, teratoma)
What is the most common type of germ cell tumour?
Seminoma
What is the peak age of incidence for seminomas?
30-50
How does a seminoma appear?
Solid, homogenous, pale and macroscopic
(like a potato)
Where do seminomas spread lymphatically?
Para-aortic lymph nodes
Where do seminomas often metastasize?
Lungs
Liver
Brain
What is the management and prognosis for seminoma?
Radiotherapy or chemotherapy
Very good (>95% cure rate)
Which type of tumour are teratomas?
Germ cell
What si the peak incidence for teratomas?
20-30
(can be see in childhood unlike seminomas)
What is the appearance of teratomas?
Solid areas
Cysts
Haemorrhage
Necrosis
Very cystic tumours of the testes are more liekly to be what?
Benign
Tertaomas may involve tissues from whcih embryological origin?
Ectoderm, mesoderm or endoderm
(any tissue can develop)
What is the most danagerous type of teratoma?
Trophoblastoma
(resembles placenta)
Tropholastic teratomas can be monitors by which marker?
bHCG
Seminoma will secrete which marker?
PLAP
What are the main uses for tumour markers from the testes?
Diagnosis
Response to therapy
Early recurrence
