Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

The Renal System > Pathology: Male Genital Tract > Flashcards

Pathology: Male Genital Tract Flashcards

1
Q

Most squamous carcinoma of the penis are invasive

True or false?

A

False

Around 5% are

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which type of men are most at risk of squamous carcinoma of the penis?

A

Uncircumcised

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which aetiological factors predispose to squamous carcinoma of the penis?

A

Poor hygiene

No circumcision

HPV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the appearance of a squamous carcinoma of the penis?

A

Ulcerating indurated tumour or exophytic mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which age group are affected by benign nodular hyperplasia of the prostate?

A

70

(75% over this age affected, 5% symptomatic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

In benign nodular hyperplasia of the prostate there is irregular proliferation of which tissues?

A

Glandular and stromal prostatic tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is thought to cause benign nodular hyperplasia of the prostate?

A

Hormonal imbalance

Alteration of Androgen/Oestrogen ratio

(Central (peri-urethral) gland involved – oestrogen responsive)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Prostatism refers to which clinical symptoms?

A

Difficulty in starting micturition, poor stream, overflow incontinence.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the complications of BPH?

A

Bladder hypertrophy, diverticulum formation

If untreated hydroureter, hydronephrosis, infection can occur

(it is not a pre-malignant condition)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How is BPH treated?

A

Surgery (transurethral resection)

Drugs (alpha blockers, 5 alpha reductase inhibitors)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Carcinoma of the prostate is the _______ leading cause of cancer in males

A

Carcinoma of the prostate is the second leading cause of cancer in males

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the peak incidence for cacinoma of the prostate?

A

60-80

(rare before 50)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Carcinoma of the prostate is releated to BPH

True or false?

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where does carcinoma of the prostate mainly arise from?

A

Peripheral ducts and glands

(particularly posterior lobe)

The peri-urethral zone is involved at a later stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the local areas to which carcinoma of the prostate can spread?

A

Urethral (obstruction)

Capsular penetration

Seminal vesicles

Bladder

Rectum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How does carcinoma of the prostate affect the bone when it metastasizes?

A

Osteosclerosis

(bone growth)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which lymph nodes are most affected by carcinoma of the prostate?

A

Sacral

Ilial

Para-aortic

18
Q

In which ways can carcinoma of the prostate be diagnosed?

A

Rectal exam

USS/skeletal X-rays/bone scans

Increased PSA

Biopsy (multiple biopsies)

19
Q

How is carcinoma of the prostate managed?

A

Hormonal Therapy – anti-androgen treatment

Radiotherapy – bone metastases

Surgery – Radical Prostatectomy

20
Q

How common are testicular tumours?

A

1% cancer deaths in males

Most common organ malignancy in young males

21
Q

Which risk factor for testicular tumour insreases risk 10 fold?

A

Testicular maldescent

22
Q

How do testicular tumours present?

A

Painless testicular enlargement

23
Q

Testicular tumours can be associated with which other signs/conditions?

A

Hydrocele

Gynaecomastia

General effects of malignant disease

24
Q

What are the different type of testicualr tumours?

A

Germ cell tumours

Paratesticular tumours

Others

25
Q

What is the most common type of tumour?

A

Germ cell

(seminoma, teratoma)

26
Q

What is the most common type of germ cell tumour?

A

Seminoma

27
Q

What is the peak age of incidence for seminomas?

A

30-50

28
Q

How does a seminoma appear?

A

Solid, homogenous, pale and macroscopic

(like a potato)

29
Q

Where do seminomas spread lymphatically?

A

Para-aortic lymph nodes

30
Q

Where do seminomas often metastasize?

A

Lungs

Liver

Brain

31
Q

What is the management and prognosis for seminoma?

A

Radiotherapy or chemotherapy

Very good (>95% cure rate)

32
Q

Which type of tumour are teratomas?

A

Germ cell

33
Q

What si the peak incidence for teratomas?

A

20-30

(can be see in childhood unlike seminomas)

34
Q

What is the appearance of teratomas?

A

Solid areas

Cysts

Haemorrhage

Necrosis

35
Q

Very cystic tumours of the testes are more liekly to be what?

A

Benign

36
Q

Tertaomas may involve tissues from whcih embryological origin?

A

Ectoderm, mesoderm or endoderm

(any tissue can develop)

37
Q

What is the most danagerous type of teratoma?

A

Trophoblastoma

(resembles placenta)

38
Q

Tropholastic teratomas can be monitors by which marker?

A

bHCG

39
Q

Seminoma will secrete which marker?

A

PLAP

40
Q

What are the main uses for tumour markers from the testes?

A

Diagnosis

Response to therapy

Early recurrence

The Renal System (37 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions