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revision year 1 > pathology principles neoplasia > Flashcards

pathology principles neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

causes of cancer

A 
inherited genetics
chemicals
radiation
infections
inflammation
lifestyle
iatrogenic- previous radiotherapy
microbial causes
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2
Q

name some microbial causes

A

HPV

EBV

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3
Q

d: stage of cancer

A

how far the tumor has spread

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4
Q

d: grade of cancer

A

how far differentiated

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5
Q

what is the most commonly mutated protein in cancer and what does a mutation of it do?

A

p53, no longer senses the cell is has bad DNA and allows it to be replicated

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6
Q

Why is it bad if you have no PTEN gene?

A

it normally stops cells cycle, when necessary, via blocking CDKs, without it there’s uncontrolled cell division

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7
Q

what is the most commonly mutated kinase in cancer?

A

p13k

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8
Q

what is the NC ratio and is it increased or decreased in malignacy?

A

nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio and its increased

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9
Q

what is the ending for benign growths?

A

oma

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10
Q

what is the ending for epithelial malignant growths?

A

carcinoma

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11
Q

what is the ending for malignant connective tissue growths?

A

sarcoma

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12
Q

What is the prefix for a glandular growth?

A

adeno

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13
Q

What is the prefix for a squamous growth?

A

papillo

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14
Q

What is the name for a bladder growth if malignant?

A

transitional cell carcinoma

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15
Q

What is the prefix for a fat growth?

A

lip

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16
Q

What is the prefix for a bone growth?

A

osteo

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17
Q

What is the prefix for cartilage growth?

A

chondra

18
Q

What is the prefix for a skeletal growth?

A

rhabclomy

19
Q

What is the prefix for a smooth muscle growth?

A

leiomy

20
Q

What is the prefix for a nerve growth?

A

neuro

21
Q

What is the prefix for a blood vessel growth?

A

haemoangio

22
Q

d: angiogenesis

A

new BV growth

23
Q

What changes does the body make to supply the new cancer with blood?

A

angiogenesis

VEGF is upregulated (vascular endothelial growth factor)

24
Q

If a cancer produces an inflammatory response is the prognosis better or worse?

A

better as the body is trying to fight it

25
Q

what is PD-L1?

A

programmed death ligand 1- it is a protein found on the surface of many cells

26
Q

What happens if PD-L1 is overexpressed in some cancers?

A

it can override the immune system

27
Q

What allows cancers to become metastatic?

A

metalloproteinases

28
Q

weinburg hallmarks of cancer?

A 
evading growth suppressors
aboiding immune destriuction
enabling replicative immortality
tumour promoting inflammation
activating invasion and metastasis
inducing angiogenesis
genome instability and mutation
resisting cell death
deregulating cellular energetics
sustaining proliferative signalling
29
Q

What does the Myc gene do?

A

promotes growth especially in cancer

30
Q

What cancer does Myc gene play a big role in the development of?

A

burkitts lymphoma

31
Q

What is the base sequence in telomeres which limits the amouth of times a cell can divide?

A

TTAGGG

32
Q

How do cancer cells become immortal?

A

they can continue dividing if the telomeres become reactivated.

33
Q

f: telomeres

A

to end cell division by putting a ‘cap’ on the end of the chromosome

34
Q

d: metaplasia

A

the reversible change from one mature cell type to another mature cell type

35
Q

d: dysplasia

A

disordered growth, in the absence of stimuli

36
Q

d: neoplasia

A

new growth

37
Q

What is the example of metaplasia in the oesophagus? what does it change from and to?

A

Barretts and squamous to columnar

38
Q

What virus is related to a number of epithelial tumours such as oral and cervical?

A

HPV

39
Q

what’s the first step in the formation of an atheroma?

A

endothelial injury

40
Q

what makes up granulation tissue?

A

endothelial cells and myofibroblasts

revision year 1 (7 decks)

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