Pathology: Principles Flashcards
Define general pathology
The study of basic responses to cell insult and injury, irrespective of the organ or species. (cells)
Define systemic pathology
The study of alterations in specialised organs and tissues that are responsible for disorders that involve those organs (Kidney failure)
Define anatomic pathology
Examination of tissues taken in life (biopsy) or after death (necroscopy) to examine the nature and extent of the disease process
Define clinical pathology
Examination of the bodily fluids as well as cytology during life
What is aetiology
The cause of disease
What is internal aetiology?
Aging
Immunological defects
Genetic defects
What is external aetiology?
External: physical/chemical/biological
Deficiencies: Nutritional/environmental deficits
Define pathogenesis
Mechanisms of disease development
The sequence of events in the response of cells or tissues to the etiologic agent
Define inflammation
Vascular and interstitial changes that develop in rsonse to tissue injury which help to sequester, dilute and destroy the causal agent
Define healing
Involves angiogenesis (formation of new blood vessels) fibrosis (formation of fibrous collagenous connective tissue by fibroblasts) and epithelisation (the restorative process that heals wounds in epithelial tissue)
What is thrombosis?
Interaction of the blood coagulation system where platelets form, within the vascular lumen, an aggregate of fibrin and platelets (= a thrombus)
What is neoplasia?
Intrinsi genetic mutations in somatic cells that cause abnormal control of mitosis –> uncontrolled mitosis and cell growth
What is metabolic dysfunction?
Abnormalities or imbalances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism in the cells which leads to the accumulation of glycogen/fat/protien
What is a clinical diagnosis?
A diagnosis based on clinical history, exam and signs
What is a clinical pathologic diagnosis?
Based on changes observed in the chemistry of fluids and cytology
What is an aetiology diagnosis?
States the specific cause of the disease
What is a disease diagnosis?
States the common name of the disease
What techniques can we use for microscopic examination?
Light microscope
Electron microscopy
Polymerase chain reaction ('PCR)
In situ hybridisation (ISH)
GenomicsWhat is putrefaction?
Colour and texture changes, gas production and odours that are caused by post mortem bacterial metabolism and autolysis/decomposition
What is rigor mortis?
Contraction of muscles occurring after death (due to depletion of ATP and glycogen; commences 1-6 hours after death and persists for 1-2d)
What is Alor mortis?
Gradual cooling of the cadaver
When does post mortem clotting occur?
Several hours after death
What is haemoglobin imbibition?
Red staining of tissue (once the integrity of the blood vessels is lost haemoglobin is released by the lysed erythrocytes and penetrates the vessel wall)
What is liver mortis?
Hypostatic congestion
Gravitational pooling of blood down to one side of the animal
What is bile imbibition?
Bile in the GB penetrates and stings the adjacent tissues seen/yellow
What is pseudomelanosis?
Blue-green discolouration of the tissue by iron sulphide (FeS) formed by the reaction of hydrogen sulphide generated by putrefactive bacteria and the iron from haemoglobin
What causes bloating?
Pm bacteria formation in the lumen of the GI tract
What causes the softening of tissues PM?
Autolysis of cells aided by putrefactive bacteria
What causes lens opacity?
When the carcass is very cold or frozen, will reverse on warming
