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PVS > Pathology: Cellular and Tissue Responses > Flashcards

Pathology: Cellular and Tissue Responses Flashcards

1
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

An increase in the size of cells (by producing more organelles)

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2
Q

What causes hypertrophy?

A

Increased functional demand (eg Muscle) or stimulation by hormones or growth factors

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3
Q

What could be a problem with hypertrophy?

A

The blood supply may not increase adequately to serve the increased mass

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4
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

An increase in the number of cells

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5
Q

What causes hyperplasia?

A

Physiologic: Hormonal hyperplasia or compensatory hyperplasia

Pathologic: Diffuse (whole organ enlarged) or localised (nodular hyperplasia)

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6
Q

What is atrophy?

A

Decrease in cell size and number

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7
Q

What causes pathologic atrophy?

A 
Decreased workload
Lossof innervation 
Diminished blood supply
inadequate nutrition
Loss of endocrine stimulation
Pressure
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8
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

Where one cell type is replaced by another eg. columnar epithelium becomes squamous epithelium

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9
Q

What causes metaplasia?

A

Caused by chronic irritation, deficiencies (eg. vitamin A) as a result of cell/tissue injury or oestrogen toxicity

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10
Q

Why does columnar epithelium transition to squamous epithelium in metaplasia?

A

Because sq. epithelium is able to serve in conditions where fragile columnar epithelium would have succumbed

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11
Q

Hyperplasia can only occur under what conditions?

A

The cells must be dividing in the organ

labile cells> stable cells> permanent cells

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12
Q

What are labile cells?

A

Cells that routinely proliferate

Eg. Epidermis, intestinal epithelium, bone marrow cells

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13
Q

What are stable cells?

A

Intermediate in their ability to regenerate/divide

Eg. bone, cartilage and smooth muscle

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14
Q

What are permanent cells?

A

Have very little capacity to regenerate

Eg. skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle

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15
Q

what is agenesis?

A

Complete failure of an organ to develop during embryonic growth due to the absence of primordial tissue

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16
Q

What is aplasia?

A

Lack of development of an organ (but its precursor did exist)

17
Q

What is atresia?

A

The absence or closure of a body orifice or tubular passage

18
Q

What is hypoplasia?

A

Incomplete development of an organ

19
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

Disordered growth of cells

20
Q

What is lipidosis?

A

Accumulation of triglycerides and other lipid metabolites (neutral fats and cholesterol) within parenchymal cells (often in the liver)

21
Q

What causes an accumulation of glycogen in cells?

A

Variable amounts of glycogen are stored in hepatocytes and myocytes but excessive amounts of glycogen are present in animals with an abnormal glucose metabolism eg. Diabetes mellitus, corticosteroid therapy

22
Q

What does hyaline mean?

A

A descriptive term for homogenous, eosinophilic glassy looking tissue

23
Q

What is gout?

A

Deposition of sodium rate crystals or urges in tissue
In birds and reptiles and humans
Can be articular or viceral

24
Q

Where do uric acid and crate come from?

A

End products of purine metabolism

25
Q

Where do cholesterol crystals come from?

A

By-products of haemorrhage and necrosis

26
Q

How do cholesterol crystals appear on histology?

A

Clefts, as the cholesterol dissolves during processing

27
Q

What is a cholesteatoma?

A

A cholesterol granuloma

Commonly found in the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricles of older horses

28
Q

What is dystrophic calcification?

A

Locally in dying/dead tissue

29
Q

What is metastatic calcification?

A

In normal tissue secondary to hypercalcaemia

30
Q

What disease processes can cause calcification?

A

Renal failure
Vitamin D toxicosis
Parathyroid hormone and PTH related protein produced by certain types of neoplasia
Destruction of bone from primary or metastatic neoplasia

31
Q

Name three ways exogenous pigmentation can occur

A

Carbon- inhalation and accumulation in the lung (anthracosis) turns it black
Carotenoid pigments are fat soluble pigments from plants (including the vitamin A precursor beta carotene) which turn yellow/orange
Tetracycline stains teeth and bones yellow/brown

32
Q

Where are lipofuscin and ceroid (endogenous pigments) produced and what colour to they turn tissue?

A

Lipofuscin: In aged cells (non-pathologic)
Ceroid: pathologic pigment, often in vitamin E deficiency

Brown

33
Q

What colour is oxygenated haemoglobin?

A

Red

34
Q

What colour is deoxygenated haemoglobin?

A

Blue

35
Q

What colour staining does bilirubin cause?

A

From the breakdown of erythrocytes (porphyrin ring is broken down to bilirubin) it causes icterus, yellow staining

PVS (43 decks)

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