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PVS > Pathology: General clinical > Flashcards

Pathology: General clinical Flashcards

1
Q

What is clinical pathology?

A

using haematology, clinical biochemistry and cytology for care of alive patients

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2
Q

What is anatomic pathology?

A

Surgical pathology: Taking biopsies

Necroscopy

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3
Q

What are the roles of a clinical pathologist?

A

Ensuring lab quality: Pre analytical, during analysis and post analytical

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4
Q

How do clinical pathologist ensure pre-analytical integrity?

A

Patient prep
Sample prep eg. choice of tube
Shipping

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5
Q

How do clinical pathologists ensure integrity during and after analysis?

A

During: Appropriate segments, analytical sensitivity/ specificity /precision

Post: Results to the right patient, Appropriate interpretation

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6
Q

What can cause variability in a test result?

A
  1. Biological: Inter-individual, Intra-individual

2. Analytical: Pre-instrumental, Instrumental, Post-instrumental

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7
Q

What are the Inter-individual factors in test variability?

A

Species: a cat’s PCV < A dogs PCV
Breeds: Akita dogs have a lower MCV
Age: Growing dogs have lower PCV & total protein concentration than adult dogs
Sex: Males usually have a higher PCV

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8
Q

What are the Intra-individual factors in test variability?

A

Transient differences in the same animal due to fasting/ diet/ excitement/ reproductive status /drugs
Method of blood sampling

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9
Q

What is the effect of eating a meal on intra-individual variability of blood testing?

A

Increased blood glucose, lipids, bile acids in mono gastric animals

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10
Q

What is the effect of the adrenergic response (excitement) on intra-individual variability of blood testing?

A

Increased PCV in horses

Increased glucose and lymphocytes in cats

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11
Q

What is the effect of lactation on intra-individual variability of blood testing?

A

Decreased serum calcium

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12
Q

What is the effect of glucocorticoids on intra-individual variability of blood testing?

A

Increased ALP and ALT in dogs

Increased WBC and blood glucose

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13
Q

What is the effect of xylazine on intra-individual variability of blood testing?

A

Increased blood glucose

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14
Q

What is the effect of anaesthesia on intra-individual variability of blood testing?

A

Decreased PCV

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15
Q

What is the effect of fluid therapy on intra-individual variability of blood testing?

A

Decreased PCV and total protein

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16
Q

What are the pre-instrumental factors that can cause variability?

A

Poor blood sampling
Haemolysed, lipaemic or icteric samples
Wrong anticoagulant or ratio
Poor transportation or storage

17
Q

What are the disadvantages of using serum samples over blood?

A

Separation takes time for clot to form unless a serum accelerator is used
Separation is maybe more likely to result in haemolytic

18
Q

Where would you not use serum?

A

bilirubin, bile acids, haptoglobin, protein electrophorisis

19
Q

How should plasma/serum be stored/transported?

A

Not with the RBC’s as they can leak substances

Use a separator tube

20
Q

What tube do we use for haematology?

A

EDTA

21
Q

What tube do we use for clinical biochemistry?

A

Serum or Li-heparin (plasma) or EDTA (plasma)

22
Q

What tube do we use for glucose analysis?

A

Fluoride-oxalate

23
Q

What tube do we use for coagulation?

A

Citrate

24
Q

How can we validate machines before use?

A

Using PASS:
Precision, Accuracy, Specificity and Sensitivity

Use a known composition control material

25
Q

What is the coefficient of variation?

A

= Standard deviation/mean

26
Q

How do we measure the imprecision of a technique?

A

Measure a known quantity multiple times and polt this on a gaussian curve, the width of the bell is the imprecision of a technique

For 100 measurements, 95 should be within the mean and 2SD

27
Q

Define inaccuracy (equation)

A

True value - mean of measurements/ True value

28
Q

EDTA tubes mess with the tests for what?

A

Calcium, magnesium, and iron

29
Q

If you give lab results by word of mouth then what should you immediately do?

A

Follow up with a written copy or by informatics

PVS (43 decks)

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